1. Lecture Objectives:
Analyze cooling cycles

2. Carnot Cycle No cycle can have a higher COP
All reversible cycles operating at the same temperatures (T0, TR) will have the same COP
For constant temp processes
dq = Tds
COP = TR/(T0 – TR)

3. Get Real
Assume no heat transfer or potential or kinetic energy transfer in expansion valve
COP = (h3-h2)/(h4-h3)
Compressor displacement = mv3

4. Efficiency First Law Second law Coefficient of performance, COP
COP = useful refrigerating effect/net energy supplied
COP = qr/wnet
Second law
Refrigerating efficiency, ηR
ηR = COP/COPrev
Comparison to ideal reversible cycle

6. Comparison Between Single-Stage and Carnot Cycles
Figure 3.6

7. Example
R-22 condensing temp of 30 °C (86F) and evaporating temp of 0°C (32 F)
Determine
qcarnot wcarnot
Diminished qR and excess w for real cycle caused by throttling and superheat horn ηR

8. Subcooling and Superheating
Refrigerant may be subcooled in condenser or in liquid line
Temperature goes below saturation temperature
Refrigerant may be superheated in evaporator or in vapor (suction) line
Temperature goes above saturation temperature

9. Two stage systems

10. Multistage Compression Cycles
Combine multiple cycles to improve efficiency
Prevents excessive compressor discharge temperature
Allows low evaporating temperatures (cryogenics)