1. Rise of the Romans

2. Geography of Rome
800 B.C.: small settlement called Rome built along Tiber River
Rome lies near the center of the Italian Peninsula
Region was called Latium, and people living there were called Latins
Language they spoke was called Latin.

3. Geography of Rome City’s hills provided natural defense from enemies
Tiber River provided nearby port and transportation
Rome was located on key trade routes
Trade routes crossed the Tiber river
Extends into Mediterranean Sea
Mountains: Alps and Apennines
Plenty of farming land and rivers to travel

4. Romulus and Remus

5. The Founding of Rome Legends and Facts (P. 311)
1) According to legend, who founded the city of Rome?
2) Who were the mother and father of Rome’s founders?
3) In two paragraphs, summarize the story of Rome’s creation.
4) Why do you think that historians do not believe this legend?
5) What is it that archaeologists have discovered about Rome?

6. People of Italy Who influenced the Romans?
Greeks
Etruscans
Many Greeks had settled in the Italian Peninsula
Greek Mythology influenced Roman mythology
Ex. Zeus became Jupiter
Romans also adopted Greek legends and heroes
Most powerful people in central Italy when Rome was founded
Lived north of Latium
Skilled artists and builders
Sailed around Mediterranean
Learned from Greeks and Phoenicians

7. 1) Define: patriarchal society
Roman Society (P.322)
1) Define: patriarchal society
2) What could be some of the disadvantages of having a patriarchal society?
3) Define: paterfamilias
4) What kind of power did paterfamilias have?

8. Roman Society – Women (P.322)
Women in Rome
Women in Greece

9. Life in Rome Rich and Poor (P.323)
Wealthy Romans
Poor Romans

10. What was life like for slaves in Rome? Provide detailed answers.
Life in Rome Slaves (P. 324)
What was life like for slaves in Rome? Provide detailed answers.
What was a famous example of slaves fighting back?

11. A Look at the Roman Government
Early Roman Republic
A Look at the
Roman Government

12. Patricians Plebeians Lower Class (workers) 95% of people
No say in
government
Served in the army
Wealthy Landowners
Have a say in government
Held military and religious positions

13. Forms of Government in the World
Monarchy rule by one person (king or queen) Democracy rule by the people Oligarchy rule by an elite few (aristocracy) Dictatorship one person absolute rule What are the pros and cons of each of these forms of government?

14. Roman Government Before the Republic
Rome began as an independent city-state led by monarchs
Kings (monarchs) ruled with much power
Leader of army
Main Priest
Supreme Judge
Monarchs built first buildings in the Forum
Kings ruled with consent from wealthy aristocrats.
Senate (“Old Man”): Older, wealthy men who advised the king in important matters.
Opinion: Why do you think that Roman kings needed the approval from wealthy Roman aristocrats?

15. Tarquin the Proud The Last of the Roman Kings
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
7th and final king of Rome
Etruscan Origin
Mistreatment of his people led to rebellion by Brutus and aristocrats.
After him, Rome became a republic
Citizens have the right to vote and elect officials
Do you think that people in the United States would allow for a king to rule them? Why or why not?

16. Romans chose a complex government, which included: Roman Constitution
The Roman Republic
Romans chose a complex government, which included:
Roman Constitution
System of laws by which a government is organized
Rule of law
Law Applied to everyone
written laws to protect themselves and their liberty
12 Tables
Mixed government combined strengths of all forms of governments

17. Roman Republic Also Included
Three branches
Assemblies, Senate, and Magistrate
Separation of powers
no one group has all the power
Each branch had different responsibilities and powers
One branch could stop (check) another branch from misusing power
Limited Power for Officials in Government
Two consuls instead of a top leader
Each consul could cancel the action of the other (veto power)
Government officials were chosen for one year
Why was a veto power necessary for Roman consuls?

18. The System of Checks and Balances
The Roman Republic
The System of Checks and Balances
Monarchical
Aristocratic
Democratic
Magistrates 2 Consuls +
(elected officials)
Senate
Assemblies
Directed government and army
Acted as judges
Acted as chief priest
Controlled state budget
Could pass laws
Advised Consuls
Powerful Part of Government
Approved/rejected laws
Decided on War
Could veto actions of magistrate
Open to Plebeians
Basis of power:
need for leadership
members were richest men in Rome.
provided most of the soldiers
Limits on power:
one year term
each could veto
could not control army
Could not suggest laws

19. Assemblies Democratic part of government
All adult males could participate
Elected officials and passed laws
Had power because it was composed by most Roman citizens, who were the soldiers at the time.

20. Senate 300 men Chosen for life Advise Consul Deal with other countries
Proposes laws
Approve public works
Deal with daily government problems

21. The Race of Honors: How to Become a Consul
The Magistrate
The Race of Honors: How to Become a Consul

22. Lower Offices of Magistrates
Quaestor
Aedile
Elected by popular vote (patricians and plebeians)
Financial officer
Kept track of the state’s money
If a quaestor did well, he could seek election as an aedile
Duties:
Public buildings
Public Games

23. Offices of the Magistrate
Tribune of the Plebs
Praetors
Defend lives & property of plebeians
Gathered plebeians to Assembly
Could veto laws
10 elected annually
8 elected annually
Judicial duties
Gathered Senate
Supervise defense of Rome
Govern province after term

24. Consuls Top government officials Two chosen every year
Headed the army and ran the government
Served for a short term, avoiding risk of abusing power
Veto Power
The right of the consul to reject the other’s decision. Latin for “I forbid”

25. Occasional Magistrates
Dictator
Named by the Senate in times of emergency
Served only for 6 months but had complete power
Why do you think that during times of emergency (ex. War) Romans would want to give power to only one man?

26. The Roman Army

27. The Roman Legion
Army was made of professional soldiers who were Roman citizens
Pay and retirement opportunities made people join
Non-citizens were promised citizenship after 20 years of loyal service
Soldiers received choice of land or money when they retired

28. The Roman Legion Roman soldiers swore loyalty to Rome and emperor
Loyalty to emperor was reinforced through holidays recognizing them
How could emperors make sure that Roman soldiers would remain loyal to them? Why was it important that they remained loyal to them?

29. The Roman Legion Emperors had to work at maintaining loyalty of army
Officers received appointments through the emperor (received prestige, status, connections and wealth)
Generals were moved like chess pieces within empire to avoid loyalty from men
Men more loyal to leadership than emperor
Why would soldiers have more loyalty towards generals than emperors?

30. Roman Legion A legion was usually made up of about 5,000 soldiers
Centurion commanded 80 men (century)
A cohort was made up of 6 centuries (480 men)
10 cohorts made a legion that was supported with a cavalry unit and engineers
Majority of legions protected Roman frontier (borders)

32. Roman Legion: Military Training
Military training was rigorous and involved marching (20 miles a day) and carrying of equipment
Extensive training in various weapons and formations
Responsible for constructing forts, bridges, roads and protective walls
Maintain constant presence in conquered territories

33. Roman Weapon
Pilum Sizes
Over 20 feet

34. Roman Weapons
Gladius: The Romans created their short swords after those of the Spanish Celts.
Spatha: Sword used by the cavalry. Much longer blade and easier to use than the gladius
Pugio: The legionaries carried a dagger starting in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC.

35. More Roman Weapons
Roman ballista : heavy weapons that launched stone balls, large arrows and multiple arrows
Used for sieges and protection of fixed positions also found on naval warships

36. Auxiliaries
Men from conquered territories who received similar training like Romans
Majority served as archers and were sent far away from original homes
Granted citizenship after 25 years and were paid lower wages than Roman troops