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Psychology’s History and Approaches

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1 Psychology’s History and Approaches

2 Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology
Ancient Greeks Socrates Plato Aristotle

3 Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes “Dualism” Francis Bacon Experimental Method John Locke Tabula Rasa (blank slate) Empiricism Implications?

4 Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology
What is the relation of mind to the body? Mind and body are connected Mind and body are distinct The Hebrews Socrates Aristotle Plato Descartes Psychology 7e in Modules

5 The mind is a blank slate
Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology How are ideas formed? Some ideas are inborn (Nativist) The mind is a blank slate (Empiricist) Socrates Aristotle Plato Locke Psychology 7e in Modules

6 Psychology’s Roots Birth of Psychological Science
Wilhelm Wundt (1879) University of Leipzig Students – Max Friedrich (Ger.) G. Stanley Hall (USA) 1st US Psych Lab & founded APA Reaction time experiment

7 Psychology’s Roots Thinking About the Mind’s Function
William James Functionalism Mary Calkins APA President (1905!) Margaret Floy Washburn 1st PhD – APA President (1921) Experimental psychology

8 Psychology’s Roots Structuralism vs. Functionalism
Basis in Wundt’s Work (Edward Titchener) Basis in theory of evolution (William James) What were the structures of mind? Practical applications – What were the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings? Sought to identify what the mind and consciousness were Sought to identify how mind and consciousness worked Introspection – drawbacks? Inner sensations, feelings, images, Explored emotions, memories, will power, stream of consciousness, etc. Experimental psychology

9 Psychological Science Develops
Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic – unconscious mind & behavior

10 Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorism John B. Watson B.F. Skinner “study of observable behavior” – (think tabula rasa) Gestalt Psychology studied how people organize what we sense & perceive “Immediate exp. of whole being” “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts”

11 Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic psychology “Third Force” – 50s/60s Abraham Maslow Founder of Humanistic Psychology Carl Rogers – psychotherapy Cognitive Neuroscience

12 Cognitive Neuroscience
How we process, retrieve, and store information Mental activities (thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating) Jean Piaget ( ) Noam Chomsky (1928-Present)

13 Psychological Science Develops
Psychology Science Behavior Mental processes

14 Contemporary Psychology

15 Psychology’s Biggest Question
Nature – Nurture Issue Biology versus Experience History Greeks Rene Descartes Charles Darwin Natural selection Structures & behavior Fingers & Hands Nurture works on what nature endows.

16 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Biological Psychological Social-cultural Biopsychosocial Approach

17 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

18 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

19 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

20 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Obesity Crisis in America Someone smiles at you in the hallway

21 Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
Biological psychology Evolutionary psychology Psychodynamic psychology Behavioral psychology Cognitive psychology Humanistic psychology Social-cultural psychology Successful explanations of human functioning at one level need not invalidate explanations at other levels.

22 Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
Perspective /Approach Focus Sample Questions Biological How the body and brain enables emotions, memories, and sensory experiences, how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

23 Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

24 Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Humanistic How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment How can we work toward fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth? Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures How are we alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

25 Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
Groups (2 or 3) Choose a Personality Trait (i.e. procrastination, narcissism, perfectionism, etc.) Write a sentence for each perspective (7 total) Each sentence should make a statement or raise a question about the behavior pattern from a given perspective.

26 Psychology’s Subfields
Psychometrics Basic Research vs Applied Research Important Scientific Qs NYT 25 Qs 3rd Brake Light Pursuit of Wealth ≠ Pursuit of Happiness “Make Believe” & Learning Video Games / Aggression Polygraphs & Fear

27 Psychology’s Subfields: Basic Research
Psychologist What she does Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Educational Study influence on teaching and learning Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another. OBJECTIVE 7| Identify some of the psychology’s subfields, and explain the difference between clinical psychology and psychiatry. Psychology 7e in Modules

28 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Research
Psychologist What she does Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. (Goal – optimize productive behavior) Human Factors Studies how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments. Counseling Helps people cope with problems in living (related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Psychology 7e in Modules

29 Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
Clinical Psychologist Psychiatrist Training in clinical psychology (Ph.D.) Specialized internship in which they practice different psychologically based treatments Treatment – Study, assess, & treat troubled people with psychotherapy. CANNOT prescribe drugs Medical professionals (M.D.) Training in treatment of psychological disorders in specialized residency Treatment – medically based treatments, in addition to, or in place of psychotherapy Can prescribed drugs Often they work together in medical settings - How would this help maximize treatment?

30 Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

31 Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contains two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returnto the original point in the presentation.

32 Teacher Information Continuity slides
Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

33 Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
xxx

34 Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

35 Definition Slide = add definition here

36 Definition Slides

37 Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

38 Structuralism = an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

39 Functionalism = a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

40 Experimental Psychology
= the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

41 Behaviorism = the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

42 Humanistic Psychology
= historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

43 Cognitive Neuroscience
= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

44 Psychology = the science of behavior and mental processes.

45 Nature-Nurture Issue = the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

46 Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

47 Levels of Analysis = the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

48 Biopsychosocial Approach
= an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

49 Biological Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

50 Evolutionary Psychology
= the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

51 Psychodynamic Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

52 Behavioral Psychology
= the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

53 Cognitive Psychology = the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

54 Social-Cultural Psychology
= the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

55 Psychometrics = the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

56 Basic Research = pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

57 Developmental Psychology
= the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

58 Educational Psychology
= the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

59 Personality Psychology
= the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

60 Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

61 Applied Research = scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

62 Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
= the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

63 Human Factors Psychology
= the study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments.

64 Counseling Psychology
= a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

65 Clinical Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

66 Psychiatry = a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

67 SQ3R = a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.

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