1. Review Session 5: Memory

2. I. What is Memory?
DEF: Memory refers to the cognitive abilities to encode information that is retrieved later for the purpose of comprehension. EX: If I taste a food and I later see that food, I might be able to “taste” the food before it goes in my mouth.

3. II. Encoding:
DEF: The ability to enter information into our memory in a logical fashion. -Acoustic Encoding: Creating mental representations as a sequence of sounds. -Visual Encoding: Creating mental representations as images. -Semantic Encoding: Creating mental representations based on their general meaning

4. III. Storage:
DEF: The process of maintaining information in memory over time -Sometimes this will go into our long-term, working, or short-term memory based on necessity.

5. IV. Retrieval:
DEF: The process or recalling information from stored memories -Cognitive diseases, like Alzheimer's and Dementia can interfere with our retrieval of memory -So can old age

6. V. Retrieval Cues:
DEF: Certain stimuli can “trigger” the retrieval of a memory.
EX: Just like Grandmama used to make!!!

7. VI. Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon:
DEF: When we are trying to recall something, but it is just out of reach
EX: You see an old friend at a high school reunion and you remember 50 things you did together, but cannot spit out his name.

8. VII. Chunking:
DEF: Linking information together as one meaningful unit from a larger piece of information EX: Trying to remember the lyrics to a song verse by verse

9. VIII. Amnesia: The loss of information from our memory.
This can either be temporary or permanent
-Anterograde Amnesia: A loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury
-Retrograde Amnesia: A loss of memory for any event that occurs before a brain injury

10. IX. Episodic Memory:
DEF: When we remember a specific event that occurred in our lives.
EX: If you met Johnny Depp at a café in LA and got to talk to him for 10 minutes

11. X. Semantic Memory:
DEF: These are general things that you know that do not involve a specific event from your life
EX: What does George Washington look like?

12. XI. Procedural Memory:
DEF: Remember how to do things in an ordered and logical fashion
This can be enhanced through practice (repeated rehearsal of a procedure)
EX: I am prepping to play Jean Valjean in the theatre. I must practice my lines.

13. XII. Explicit Memory:
DEF: Things that we learn that we are specifically trying to remember for some reason EX: If I want to do well on my AP tests, I must remember my vocabulary

14. XIII. Implicit Memory:
DEF: When we remember things that we are not even trying to remember EX: When we are driving around, we will learn where we are going even if we are not trying to.

15. XIV. Flash-Bulb/Snap Shot Memory:
DEF: A type of episodic memory that is remembered because of the intensity of the situation
EX:
-The Moon Landing
-JFK’s Assassination
-911

16. XV. Context-Dependent Memory:
DEF: Memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which they are learned and the context in which they are recalled. EX: I met my girlfriend at Caesar’s Palace. While I will remember when I met her, I might remember more if I return to where it happened.

17. XVI. State-Dependent Memory:
DEF: Memory that is aided or impeded by a person’s internal state EX: If you received a phone call at 2:30 am while you were sleeping, you would be less likely to remember the conversation than when you are fully awake.

18. XVII. Short-Term Memory:
DEF: This part of our memory is designed to store limited amounts of memory for a limited amount of time (between seconds) EX: I just met Joe, but who cares???

19. XVIII. Working (Functional) Memory:
DEF: Information that is stored within our short term memory that we need to keep long enough to do a task
EX: If I am making corsages for the prom, I will need to remember how to make them while I am in the process

20. XIX. Long-Term Memory: EX: The day my children were born
DEF: When we remember something for a longer period of time (maybe a lifetime)
EX: The day my children were born

21. XX. Decay:
DEF: The gradual disappearance of the mental representations of a stimulus EX: I am in calculus class and I memorize all my formulas. Years later, when my child takes calculus, I cannot remember them.

22. XXI. Interference :
DEF: The process through which either the storage or the retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information. -Retroactive: Old info interferes with new info. -Proactive: New info interferes with old info. EX: I learned to play a song one way, but I am struggling to play a newer version of that song.

23. XXII. Memory in the brain: