1. Figure 2 Circadian and ultradian fluctuations in corticosterone
Figure 2 | Circadian and ultradian fluctuations in corticosterone. The solid red line represents circadian fluctuations in corticosterone levels, which peak at the start of the active phase. In nocturnal animals such as rodents, the active phase starts in the evening (blue shading shown here), whereas in humans, the active phase starts in the morning. The blue line represents the ultradian changes that are superimposed on the circadian rhythm. Stress can dramatically alter these ultradian fluctuations and disrupt the circadian cycle. Adapted with permission from The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET) © Joëls, M., Sarabdjitsingh, R. A. & Karst, H. Unraveling the time domains of corticosteroid hormone influences on brain activity: rapid, slow, and chronic modes. Pharmacol Rev., 64, 901–938 (2012).
Adapted with permission from The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics (ASPET) © Joëls, M., Sarabdjitsingh, R. A. & Karst, H. Unraveling the time domains of
corticosteroid hormone influences on brain activity: rapid, slow, and chronic modes. Pharmacol Rev., 64, 901–938 (2012).
Gray, J. D. et al. (2017) Genomic and epigenomic mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the brain
Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi: /nrendo