1. Cold War Conflicts
Chapter 23

2. What was the Cold War?
State of hostility between the US and Soviets, without a direct war between them.

3. Communism in Eastern Europe
In 1945, (before the war was over), the United Nations formed
50 nations signed an agreement to become an international organization that would help keep world peace
The Allied leaders agreed that they would allow Nazi-controlled countries to choose their own governments
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

4. Communism in Eastern Europe
End of WWII
Soviet Union spreads communism to many other countries – many did NOT want it
This led to conflicts between the US and the Soviets
The US wanted countries in Europe to be able to decide for themselves what kind of government they wanted – but hoped it would be a democracy
The Soviet Union wanted to see communist governments
The Soviet Union made satellite countries out of
Poland
Romania
Bulgaria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia, and others
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

6. Communism in Eastern Europe
When the Soviets forced these countries to become communist and part of the Soviet Union, British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill said an “Iron Curtain” was now separating the Soviet nations from the rest of Europe
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

7. The Iron Curtain

8. A New Kind of War
The disagreements between the US and the Soviets became known as the “Cold War”
They often said bad things about each other and made threats
They also did not trust each other
Threat of nuclear war always in the air
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

9. Truman Doctrine
President Truman believed the Soviet Union was trying to conquer the world with the political ideas of communism
In 1947, he promised to help any country that wanted to act, or fight, against communism
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933
He adopted a policy called “Containment” which meant that the US would try to prevent the Soviets from expanding their power and threatening other countries

10. Truman Doctrine Truman’s policy became known as the Truman Doctrine
This became the basis for the US’s cold war policies
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

11. Marshall Plan Secretary of State George Marshall
Created plan to help European countries rebuild
To “fight hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos”
Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe
The money from the Plan paid for factories, schools, hospitals, and bridges that were destroyed by the war
It also paid for protection to democratic nations against the Soviet Union
George C. Marshall

12. Marshall Plan 1. Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

13. The Berlin Airlift
Allies agree to divide Germany among themselves – four zones
Berlin was divided into two zones, but was in the Soviet zone
US, France, Britain hold West Berlin
Soviets hold East Berlin

14. Berlin Blockade
The Allied side wants to prevent Germany from becoming a satellite country of the Soviets
They combine their three zones into one and name it West Germany
They want to rebuild Germany and make it strong
Soviets are angry that they did this and see it as a threat

15. Berlin Airlift People in West Berlin can’t get food, medicine, or fuel
Allies begin Berlin Airlift to bring in food and supplies
For about a year, British and American planes bring in supplies and food
2.5 million tons
Everyday planes landing

16. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

17. Operation Vittles
All of the necessities for the city's 2.5 million residents -- an estimated 4,500 tons of food, coal and other materials each day -- had to enter the city by air.
On its biggest day, the "Easter parade" of April 16, 1949, the airlift sent 1,398 flights into Berlin -- one every minute.
Before it was all over, more than 278,000 flights would carry 2.3 million tons of relief supplies.

18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1949: US, Canada and 10 countries sign NATO agreement
1st time the US has entered into a military alliance during peaceful times
Countries signing the agreement state that if a member nation is attacked, the other nations will help them
In response, the Soviets create the Warsaw Pact in 1955
This military agreement says the same thing, but for the Soviet satellite nations
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

19. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1st Peacetime Alliance US had ever joined
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

20. Warsaw Pact Soviet response to NATO East Germany U. S. S. R. Albania
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
U. S. S. R.
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia

21. Changes in Japan and China
After the war, the US occupies Japan, and helps it rebuild the country and the economy
The US sent money and helped Japan create a democratic country with free elections
The US actually wrote the Japanese constitution
US left in 1952, and Japan was well into its recovery – factories were working and many cities were rebuilt
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

22. Changes in Japan & China Chinese Civil War
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kai-shek
Communist Party
Won the civil war
Took control of China
US refused to recognize government – used veto power to keep them out of UN
They formed an alliance with Soviet Union
Nationalist Party
US support this side – but tried to get them to share
Lost the civil war – fled to Formosa (Taiwan)
US recognized this group as real government of China
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

23. Changes in Japan and China
The United States supported Nationalist party
Tried to get the two sides to share power
Communists won civil war
Takes control of China
Nationalists flee to island of Formosa (Taiwan)
US used veto power to keep Communist China out of United Nations
China formed alliance with the Soviet Union.
1.         Why a standoff between Soviets & U.S.?
o Russian Revolution – 1917: Wilson sends troops to support anti-Communist resistance
U.S. doesn’t recognize Soviet Union gov’t until 1933

24. Korean War 1910 until 1945, Korea was under control of Japan
After World War II, Allies divide Korea
North Korea was controlled by communist troops
South Korea was controlled by American troops
US and Soviets both superpowers –neither wants the other one to become more powerful

25. Korean War,
North Korean troops attacked South Korea in June 1950
The plan was to unite Korea under Communist government
President Truman sent US troops to help South Korea
Korean War became an American war

26. Korean War,
President Truman did not ask Congress to declare war
Korean War lasted until 1953
Neither side defeated the other side
North and South Korea set up a demilitarized zone – a place where military forces are not allowed

27. Changing Map of Korea

28. The Forgotten War “ Failed police action” –no resolution 54,000 deaths
$67 Billion spent
Caused Democrats to lose next election
Republican Eisenhower elected
Dramatically increased fear of communism
Another name for the Korean War is “The Forgotten War”. This name was used for the Korean War because the Korean War was after WWII and then overshadowed by the Vietnam War. There are some that say the Korean War is also called the Forgotten War because the U.S referred the war as a “police action that failed to find a resolution to the original crime”, and did not consider this an official war.
“Forgotten War” – because it was in the middle of WWII and Vietnam War.

29. Hunt for Spies
Fear of Communism was very high after Korean War stalemate – people thought there must be spies in US
Congress formed the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – a group to investigate secret Nazi and Communist activities in US
HUAC focused on movie industry and many people were called to Washington, D.C. to be questioned by the HUAC
Some people refused to testify – said it was unconstitutional
They were put on a blacklist, which meant they were not approved for employment
The Rosenbergs were accused of giving atomic secrets to Soviets - put to death in1953.

30. Hunt for Spies
The Rosenbergs
The Hollywood Ten

31. McCarthyism
Senator Joseph McCarthy took advantage of peoples’ fears of Communism to bring attention to himself
He claimed to have secret knowledge of Communists working in the U.S. government
Many Americans feared the spread of communism & believed him
They thought McCarthy was trying to save the US from a communist takeover
He got lots of publicity, but eventually people figured out he was lying
Today, “McCarthyism” means accusing people of communism or something else, without having evidence

33. Race for Arms & Space
In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb
President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the military to build up its supply of nuclear bombs
Now, both superpowers are trying to beat each other by having the most, and most powerful atomic bombs - US explodes 1st Hydrogen
Test explosions of atomic bombs formed large clouds of fallout - which is the radioactive waste from a nuclear blast
It causes cancer, birth defects, miscarriages, and other health problems

34. Race for Arms & Space
In 1957, the Soviets sent launched, Sputnik, the first satellite, into space
The US was shocked & felt it was falling behind in technology – US starts pursuing outer space
This competition causes the US and the Soviets to be in a Space Race, or competition to be the first to explore space

35. Race for Arms & Space
In 1958, the United States launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, and set up the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA

36. Race for Arms & Space
Congress also passed the National Defense Education Act in 1958
Gave money to schools to improve education
Allowed students to get loans for college
Focus on science & math