1. Restrictive vs. expansive population policies (also called ante-natalist and pro-natalist policies)
Restrictive – aim to lower birth rate to lower dependency ratio, in which countries? Expansive – aim to increase birth rate to deal with declining workforce and ageing population, in which countries? What strategies?

2. Restrictive strategies
Coercive strategies – one child policy, forced sterilization, financial consequences imposed for having too many children
Other strategies – promotion of sex education, contraceptives, financial incentives, nationwide ads or posters, women’s empowerment, economic development
“economic development is the best contraceptive”

3. Expansive Strategies
National Day of Conception (Russia), National Night Out (Singapore)
Advertising (Denmark)
Tax breaks
Subsidies for child care, infant products
Generous parental leave from work
Immigration