1. Immigration & Urbanization
Unit 4
USII 4b, d & e

2. Immigration and Urbanization
 How did urbanization and industrialization develop together?
Growth in urban populations from immigration provided a steady supply of labor to factories and a market for manufactured goods
Jobs in Cities attracted people from rural areas(emigrate) and other countries (immigration)

3. Immigration and Urbanization
The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments
limited clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas
so conditions in cities deteriorated.

4. Immigration & Urbanization
Problems with city life
High rents,
low wages,
poor services produced misery in the midst of unprecedented economic growth.
Slums, poverty and disease
When the upper and middle class moved out of cities slums developed
Tenement Apartments could cram over 4,000 people into one city block
Overcrowding and waste disposal problems in tenement housing promoted the spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis

5. Immigration & Urbanization
Cities were large, crowded, and impersonal places devoted to making money.
Corruption was rampant
in city government
city services,
in the construction industry,
among landlords
employers.

6. Immigration & Urbanization
Murder was rare in the nation in the late 19th century, but rates rose in cities.
Robbery and theft were commonplace,
Prostitution flourished more openly than before.
Cheap newspapers exaggerated increases in crime with sensational stories.
Professional police forces were created in the late 19th century to keep order and to protect property.

7. Immigration & Urbanization
New forms of mass transportation made cities larger 
streetcars allowed people to live many miles from their jobs and commercial areas  
horse-drawn streetcars were being replaced with electric trolleys, elevated trains and subways
Mass transportation meant people could live farther from a cities’ commercial centers
Mass transit segregated workers by income 
wealthy lived farther from the crime, pollution and poverty of the city
Development of middle and upper class suburbs outside the city

9. Immigration & Urbanization
Skyscrapers  Expensive land values in business districts led to the construction of taller buildings
In 1885 William Le Baron Jenny built the first skyscraper with a steel frame,
the ten story Home Insurance Company Building
Innovations that made skyscrapers possible 
Abundant steel
The Otis Elevator
Central steam-heating system that put radiators in every room

11. Immigration & Urbanization
Settlement Houses
Provided social services to people living in tenement neighborhoods
Taught English to immigrants
Provided daycare/early education
  Job training
Neighborhood theaters and music schools
HullHouse
The most famous settlement house
Founded by Jane Addams in 1889

13. Immigration & Urbanization
Hull House offered
medical care,
child care
legal aid.
provided classes for immigrants to learn English, vocational skills, music, art and drama.
In 1893 a severe depression rocked the country. Hull House was serving over two thousand people a week.

14. Immigration & Urbanization
Jane Addams sits with immigrant children in the courtyard of Hull-House. Miss Addams was a leader in securing schooling for children.

15. Immigration & Urbanization

16. Political Machines
Political machines controlled the activities of political parties in the city. Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure that their candidates were elected and that city government worked to their advantage.

17. Role of the Political Boss
The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system. Precinct captains and ward bosses, often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants, helped new immigrants with jobs, housing, and naturalization in exchange for votes.
Boss Tweed ran NYC