1. Nations and Society

2. Ethnicity, Nationality, Citizenship
Ethnicity – specific attributes and societal institutions that make people culturally different from one another
Ascription – institutionalizing and “passing down” of these attributes at birth
Not inherently political

3. Ethnicity, Nationality, Citizenship
National Identity – institution that binds people together through common political aspirations
Implies a demand for freedom through sovereign self-rule
Nationalism – pride in one’s people, belief in sovereign political destiny

4. Ethnicity, Nationality, Citizenship
Citizenship – individual or group’s relationship to the state
Individual swears allegiance, state provides rights in return
Purely political, the basis for patriotism, or pride in the state itself

5. What Causes Ethnic and National Conflict?
Top-Down View
Conflict is created by elites
Can be prevented by controlling political leaders who are responsible
Use of outside force can be effective
Bottom-Up View
Conflict results from long-standing friction between groups
Use of outside force will be useless

6. Development of Attitudes and Ideology
Political Attitudes – views about the pace and scope of change between freedom and equality
Radicals – dramatic, revolutionary change
Liberals – evolutionary transformation
Conservatives – skeptical of any change in existing institutions
Reactionaries – seek to restore institutions that formerly existed

7. Development of Attitudes and Ideology
Political Ideology – views about the fundamental goals of politics
Liberalism – high priority on economic and personal political freedom
Communism – believes people benefit only from economic equality, not freedom
Social Democracy – strong emphasis on equality, but reserves a role for private ownership and market forces

8. Development of Attitudes and Ideology
Political Ideology – views about the fundamental goals of politics
Fascism – hostile to the ideas of equality and freedom, holds that people and groups can be classified as superior and inferior
Anarchism – rejects the notion of the state altogether for the purpose of achieving true equality and freedom

9. Political Culture
Political Culture – basic norms for political activity in a society
determines what ideologies will dominate a political regime
unique to each country or group

11. Changes in Political Culture
Two arguments:
Political culture is subject to change
Global culture is “coming together”
Modernization
Globalization
Democratization
Post-modern, secular-rational values and self-expressionism will define values and cultures of the future

12. Changes in Political Culture
Two arguments:
Political culture is more resistant to change than other institutions
Cultural identity will supplant ideology as the “dividing line” in global politics
Intense changes in technology, globalization, will force societies to retreat into old identities as a source of constancy and certainty
Sept. 11th attacks, Rise of Putin in Russia, evidence of this theory?