1. Temperature

2. a measure of the average speed at which molecules are moving or vibrating.

3. Temperature scales Freeze Boil Celsius 100 Fahrenheit 32 212 Kelvin
100
Fahrenheit 32
212
Kelvin
273
373

4. Conversions
oF = (1.8 x oC) + 32
oC = 0.56 (oF – 32)
K = oC + 273

5. What Controls temperature?
1. Insolation differences
(latitudinal , seasonal, daily)
2. Proximity to water bodies
(land/water distribution)
3. Elevation
4. Ocean currents
5. Cloud Cover

6. 1. Insolation a. Latitudinal
High latitudes receive less insolation than low latitudes because…
sun’s rays are more oblique
Day length is variable
Net energy surplus in tropics; net energy deficit in polar regions
demonstrate

7. b. Seasonal
Changing angle of sun throughout the year changes temperature on a seasonal basis.

9. c. Daily (diurnally)
Changing angle of sun throughout the day changes temperature on a daily basis.

10. Diurnal temperature pattern
Temperature increases as long as net all wave incoming exceeds net all wave outgoing.
Min: end of deficit
Max: end of surplus

11. 2. Proximity to water bodies
Water bodies have a moderating effect on temperature.
Maritime locations (coastal, island) have smaller daily and annual ranges in temp than continental locations
demonstration

13. Small effect from Lake Superior on Duluth temperatures
Warmer winters, cooler summers near lake vs inland
Top of the hill vs. harbor
Harbor warmer in fall; cooler in spring
Extreme example (May 2009)

14. 3. Elevation Temperature decreases as elevation increases.
less mass, less pressure, less absorption

16. 4. Ocean Currents Ocean exchanges heat with atmosphere and therefore
influences air temperature.

18. Gulf Stream

19. 5. Cloud Cover Exert influence on shortwave and longwave exchanges:
Very efficient absorbers and emitters of longwave
Reduce incoming shortwave
High albedo

20. Net Result: Dampen diurnal temp range
Cloudy: uniform temps, small diurnal range
Clear: daytime high insolation and nighttime loss of longwave; large diurnal range
About cloud measurement

21. Factors affecting the air temperature of a place:
Review:
Factors affecting the air temperature of a place:
Insolation differences at various latitudes, during seasons, during the course of a day
Proximity to big water bodies
Elevation
Ocean currents
Cloud cover