1. Anatomy and Physiology I – Biology 211 or its equivalent -is a prerequisite for this course.
Since some of you may have just completed that course while others did so a year or more ago, I want to be sure that the transition from that course to this one goes as smoothly as possible.
You should be particularly familiar/comfortable with a number of concepts from A&P I which will be incorporated into A&P II as well, and you should go back and review these as much as necessary to be sure you really understand them.
As noted in the syllabus, there will be an exam on these
at the beginning of next Monday’s lecture.

2. You should be particularly familiar/comfortable with the following concepts from A&P I:
1) Structural Hierarchy

3. You should be particularly familiar/comfortable with the following concepts from A&P I:
2) Cellular structure – You should understand the functions
of cellular organelles
You should be particularly familiar with the structure of
the plasma membrane, channels, and how things get
across it into and out of the cell.

4. You should be particularly familiar/comfortable with the following concepts from A&P I:
3) Macromolecules:
You should be able to draw the chemical structure of
an amino acid, a monosaccharide and disaccharide,
glycerol, a fatty acid, a phospholipid, and a
nucleic acid.

5. You should be particularly familiar/comfortable with the following concepts from A&P I:
3) Macromolecules:
How amino acids proteins
How monosaccharides carbohydrates
How fatty acids & glycerol lipids
How nucleotides nucleic acids

6. You should be particularly familiar/comfortable with the following concepts from A&P I:
4) Basic Histology
Cells, fibers, ground substance
Classifications of different types of epithelia, connective
tissues, muscle tissues, and nervous tissue
Cells and fibers of each of these tissues

7. You should be particularly familiar/comfortable with the following concepts from A&P I:
5) Terms of relative position:
Anterior Posterior
Ventral Dorsal
Superior Inferior
Lateral Medial
Superficial Deep
Proximal Distal

8. In addition to those five broad concepts of structural hierarchy, cellular structure, macromolecules, tissues, and terms of relative position; you will need to know some additional specific information you learned in the first Anatomy and Physiology course:
1. How to properly use a compound light microsope.
2. The mechanism of contraction in skeletal muscle
(you will need to know this for cardiac muscle)
3. How an action potential is generated and propagated
(including how a membrane depolarizes and
repolarizes) and what occurs at a chemical synapse
(you will need to know this as we discuss neural control
of different systems)

9. This does not mean that the other topics of the earlier prerequisite course are not important. You should review them all within the next day or two if it has been a while since you took A&P I.
However, you will have particular problems in A&P II
if you do not have a good grasp of these topics.

10. This does not mean that the other topics of the earlier prerequisite course are not important. You should review them all within the next day or two if it has been a while since you took A&P I.
However, you will have particular problems in A&P II
if you do not have a good grasp of these topics.
So: Let’s look at some sample questions on these:

11. Most questions on Monday’s exam will be “short answer”
1. In the structural hierarchy, “organelles” are formed by ___
2. Which organelle of a cell translates the genetic code from
a nucleic acid and uses that code to link amino acids
together to form proteins?
3. Glygocen (a polysaccharide) is composed of thousands of
smaller “monomers” called ___
4. If you elbow is “distal” to your shoulder, then your
shoulder is ___ to your elbow.
5. Through the microscope, you observe a tissue consisting
of three layers of cell: the deepest layer is columnar, the
middle layer is also columnar, and the most superficial
layer is cuboidal. What type of epithelium would this be?

12. Some questions will be “single best answer”
1. A “glycolipid” in the plasma membrane consists of ___
bonded onto a phospholipid
a) carbohydrate
b) fatty acids
c) glycerol
d) nucleic acids
e) protein
2. In a loose areolar connective tissue, the most common
type of cell (which also forms its collagen fibers) is
a) adipocytes
b) chondroblasts
c) fibroblasts
d) keratinocytes
e) myocytes

13. You might need to describe something
1. Briefly describe the function of a “ribosome”.
Briefly describe the process of “exocytosis”
Briefly describe the structure of a “thin myofilament” in a skeletal myocyte.

14. You might need to draw something:
1. Draw the chemical structure of a fatty acid with 12
carbons. It can be either saturated or unsaturated.
2. Draw the chemical structure of two amino acids (you
do not need to specify what the “R” groups are). Now
draw those same amino acids after they have been
bonded together through dehydration synthesis.
Draw the structure of a phospholipid. You do not
need to draw out the chemical structure, but you must
clearly indicate where the glycerol, fatty acids, and
polar group are located.