1. Chapter 20 – America Becomes a World Power
Section Notes
Video
The United States Gains Overseas Territories
The Spanish-American War
The United States and Latin America
The United States and Mexico
Imperialism and U.S. Expansion
Maps
U.S. Territories in the Pacific
War in the Philippines
War in the Caribbean
The Panama Canal
United States in Latin America
Standards Assessment Map
Quick Facts
United States Foreign Policy
Chapter 20 Visual Summary
Images
A Powerful Navy
Perry Arrives in Japan
Remember the Maine!
Fighting in Cuba

2. The United States Gains Overseas Territories
8.12
The Big Idea
In the last half of the 1800s, the United States joined the race for control of overseas territories.
Main Ideas
The United States ended its policy of isolationism.
Because of its economic importance, Hawaii became a U.S. territory.
The United States sought trade with Japan and China.

3. European Imperialism
Powerful Western nations wanted to build naval bases and protect shipping routes in the 1800s.
Was an aspect of imperialism: building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations
Europeans extended colonial empires to control most of Africa and Southeast Asia during 1870–1914
European countries wanted sources of raw materials, new markets for manufactured goods, and increased national pride.

4. Main Idea 1: The United States ended its policy of isolationism.
Some Americans wanted to end isolationism in order to
Keep the economy strong
Build a strong navy by having overseas bases
United States began building an empire in late 1800s
Had earlier followed a policy of isolationism: avoiding involvement in affairs of other countries
Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867
Called Seward’s Folly after Secretary of State William H. Seward, who negotiated the purchase of what critics called the “Alaskan Icebox”
Annexed Pacific Ocean territories Midway Island in 1867 and Samoa in 1899

5. A Powerful Navy
Government began building up its naval forces during the late 1800s and early 1900s
Wanted to protect its commercial interests overseas
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge said, “Commerce follows the flag, and we should build up a strong navy....”

6. Main Idea 2: Because of its economic importance, Hawaii became a U. S
Main Idea 2: Because of its economic importance, Hawaii became a U.S. territory.
Americans owned most shops and shipyards in Hawaii by 1840s and also controlled sugarcane crop
McKinley Tariff of 1890 gave subsidy, or bonus payment, to U.S. sugar producers; prices for Hawaiian sugar dropped, and the islands’ economy collapsed
After Liliuokalani became queen, planters led a revolt, set up a revolutionary government, and asked that Hawaii be placed under U.S. control in 1893
Hawaii eventually annexed by Congress in 1898, but it did not become the fiftieth state until 1959

7. Main Idea 3: The United States sought trade with Japan and China.
The island nation of Japan was isolated from the rest of the world.
The United States wanted to open Japan’s markets before other Europeans arrived.
Commodore Matthew Perry was sent on a mission of friendship and commerce in 1853; a consul general, or chief diplomat, was sent in 1856.
A commercial treaty was negotiated in 1858.
By the 1890s, Japan was itself an imperial power.

8. Foreign Powers in China
Spheres of Influence
Japan defeated China in Sino-Japanese War, 1894–95
Other countries wanted to set up spheres of influence, areas where they could control trade and natural resources, in China
Open Door Policy
U.S. Secretary of State John Hay set forth Open Door Policy
Policy was that all nations should have equal access to trade in China
Boxer Rebellion
China resented foreign control.
Nationalists attacked foreign settlements in Beijing in Boxer Rebellion in 1900
Boxers were defeated, China paid a fine, and the Open Door policy remained

9. The Spanish-American War
8.12
The Big Idea
The United States expanded into new parts of the world as a result of the Spanish-American War.
Main Ideas
Americans supported aiding Cuba in its struggle against Spain.
In 1898 the United States went to war with Spain in the Spanish-American War.
The United States gained territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.

10. Main Idea 1: Americans supported aiding Cuba in its struggle against Spain.
Cubans rebelled against Spain.
Conflict widely reported in U.S. newspapers, especially by publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
Americans supported the Cubans.
Printed sensational, often exaggerated news stories: technique called yellow journalism
Stories helped increase support for military action
William McKinley, a supporter of Cuban independence, elected in 1896

11. Main Idea 2: In 1898 the United States went to war with Spain in the Spanish-American War.
USS Maine sunk in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898
Newspapers blamed Spain.
Congress passed a resolution declaring Cuba independent and demanded that Spain leave.
The Teller Amendment said that the United States had no interest in Cuba.
Spain declared war on the United States.

12. Fighting in the Pacific
The U.S. Navy, under Commodore George Dewey, won a quick victory over the Spanish Pacific fleet in the Philippines on May 1, 1898.
None of Dewey’s men were killed in battle.
Dewey had to wait for additional troops to be sent to secure the Philippines.
On August 13, U.S. troops and Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo took control of the Philippine capital of Manila.

13. War in the Caribbean U.S. Army unprepared for Spanish-American War
Troops had be increased—from 28,000 to 280,000
Did not have enough rifles, bullets, or uniforms
Only a small number died in battle; many more died of disease.
Rough Riders were a group of volunteers commanded by Theodore Roosevelt
Part of U.S. troops sent to capture hills around main Spanish forces at Santiago
San Juan Hill captured on July 1, 1898
Spanish Caribbean fleet destroyed on July 3, 1898
U.S. troops invaded Puerto Rico in mid-July.
Spain signed a cease-fire agreement on August 12, 1898.

14. Main Idea 3: The United States gained territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific.
Territorial Gains
Treaty placed Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control
Some Americans formed Anti-Imperialist League, opposing treaty and creation of an American colonial empire
Treaty approved in Senate by one vote more than two-thirds majority needed

15. New U.S. Territories Cuba U.S. military government set up
Commission sent to Cuba to fight disease
Constitution drafted and included Platt Amendment, allowing American intervention in Cuban affairs
The Philippines
Spain surrendered Philippines for $20 million
Filipinos revolted against U.S. control.
Conflict ended in 1902
Congress passed Philippine Government Act in 1902
Puerto Rico
Like Cubans and Filipinos, Puerto Ricans had hoped for independence.
Made a U.S. territory
Puerto Ricans granted U.S. citizenship in 1917

16. The United States and Latin America
8.12.3
The Big Idea
The United States expanded its role in Latin America in the early 1900s.
Main Ideas
The United States built the Panama Canal.
Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S. policy toward Latin America.
Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U.S. interests in Latin America.

17. Main Idea 1: The United States built the Panama Canal.
The Treaties
United States and Britain signed Clayton-Bulwer Treaty in 1850 to jointly build a canal, but never built
Hay-Herrán Treaty: agreement between United States and Colombia to allow Americans to build canal across isthmus of Panama; rejected by Colombia
Revolution in Panama
Philippe Bunau-Varilla, a French engineer, led revolt in Colombian province of Panama in 1903
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of November 1903 allowed United States to build canal across isthmus

18. Building the Panama Canal
Difficult to build
Workers faced tropical diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever.
Working in the high mountains was dangerous.
Leadership was problematic—several changes until progress was made under Colonel George W. Goethals
Some 6,000 people died making the canal.
Opened on August 15, 1914, linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Took ten years to complete and cost $375 million in addition to $300 million spent by a failed French effort

19. Theodore Roosevelt Born into wealthy family
Spent time in the West and became avid hunter and conservationist
Returned to East to a political career as a reformer
Led Rough Riders in Spanish-American War
Was President McKinley’s vice president and became president when McKinley was assassinated

20. Main Idea 2: Theodore Roosevelt changed U. S
Main Idea 2: Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S. policy toward Latin America.
The Panama Canal allowed the United States to become more involved in Latin America.
American military power grew stronger and allowed the United States to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
President Roosevelt created a policy called the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to force debtor nations to repay loans to Europe—the United States would intervene in any wrongdoing by nations in the Western Hemisphere.
The United States was the “police officer” of the Western Hemisphere.

21. Main Idea 3: Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U. S
Main Idea 3: Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U.S. interests in Latin America.
President William Howard Taft acted to protect U.S. interests in Latin America.
Used policy called dollar diplomacy—influencing governments through economic, not military, intervention
Loaned money to Nicaragua in exchange for right to send U.S. troops necessary to protect U.S. interests
Sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua in 1911 to protect banks that American bankers had gained control of
Woodrow Wilson believed that the United States had a moral obligation to promote democracy.
Often sent troops into Latin America to prevent foreign intervention or political unrest
Sent troops to Haiti in 1915 and to the Dominican Republic in 1916

22. Changes in U.S. Foreign Policy
Washington’s Farewell Address
United States will not become involved in European affairs
Monroe Doctrine
United States will defend its interests in Western Hemisphere and keep European powers out
Roosevelt Corollary
United States will police wrongdoing by nations in Western Hemisphere
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
United States will use economic means to aid its interests in Latin America
Wilson and Democracy
United States will promote and protect democracy in the Western Hemisphere

23. The United States and Mexico
8.12
The Big Idea
The Mexican Revolution threatened relations between the United States and Mexico.
Main Ideas
In 1910 Mexicans revolted against their government
The Mexican Revolution threatened U.S. interests economically and politically.

24. Main Idea 1: In 1910 Mexicans revolted against their government.
Porfirio Díaz was president of Mexico for 30 years. He imprisoned opponents and rewarded supporters.
Most of Mexico’s 15 million people were landless and poor.
Democratic reformer Francisco Madero called for removal of Díaz and led the Mexican Revolution of 1910.
Díaz was forced to resign, and the United States recognized the Madero government.
Many Mexicans fled to the United States to escape violence, avoid persecution, and find better jobs.
Victoriano Huerta took power in 1913 and had Madero killed.

25. Main Idea 2: The Mexican Revolution threatened U. S
Main Idea 2: The Mexican Revolution threatened U.S. interests economically and politically.
Newly elected U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta government.
A revolt against Huerta by Venustiano Carranza gained support.
Two other revolutionaries led movements to overthrow Huerta.
Francisco “Pancho” Villa in the north
Emiliano Zapata in the south
Peace returned to Mexico in 1920.

26. U.S. Response to Mexican Revolution
Mexican economy weakened by fighting
American business leaders called on Wilson to intervene.
In 1914 Wilson sent U.S. Navy to capture port of Veracruz to stop weapons shipment to Huerta
ABC Powers—Argentina, Brazil, and Chile—offered to negotiate
Huerta overthrown by Carranza, and U.S. troops removed
General John J. Pershing led U.S. troops into Mexico when Pancho Villa attacked Americans, but Villa was not captured.

31. U.S. Territories in the Pacific

32. War in the Phillipines

33. War in the Caribbean

34. The Panama Canal

35. United States in Latin America

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