1. Organic Chemistry

2. Molecules of Life
Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms
What are bodies made of?
carbohydrates
sugars & starches
proteins
fats (lipids)
nucleic acids
DNA, RNA

3. Don’t forget water organic molecules Water 65% of your body is H2O
water is inorganic
doesn’t contain carbon
Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
organic molecules
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids 5

4. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

5. The molecules of life Organic molecules contain carbon
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are 4 types.
Inorganic molecules constitute nonliving matter, but they are still important to us.
Salts, water, acids, bases, and carbon dioxide are examples.

6. Building Organic Molecules
Carbon can bond to as many as 4 different atoms AND it can bond to itself.
Long chains of carbon atoms as well as rings of carbon atoms form.
Small molecules (monomers) join to form large macromolecules (polymers).

7. Building Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbon Chain

8. Building Organic Molecules
Monomer
Polymer
Functional Groups

9. Types of Organic Molecules - Carbohydrates
Supply our body with energy
Made up of sugars
Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose
Glucose combines with other glucose molecules to form starch, glycogen, and cellulose

10. The “skinny” on carbohydrates
Starch is formed by plants when they store sugar.
Glycogen is formed by animals when they store sugar.
Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants and since we cannot digest it, it passes through our intestines as fiber.

13. Linear and ring forms of glucoseH
H C OH
HO C H
H C O C 1 2 3 4 5 6 OH
4 C
6 CH2OH
5 C
H OH
2 C 1C
3 C 2C
1 C
CH2OH HO
(a) Linear and ring forms. Chemical equilibrium between the linear and ring
structures greatly favors the formation of rings. To form the glucose ring,
carbon 1 bonds to the oxygen attached to carbon 5.
(b) Abbreviated ring structure. Each corner represents a carbon The ring’s thicker edge indicates that you are looking at the ring edge-on; the components attached to the ring lie above or below the plane of the ring.

14. Starch and cellulose structures
(c) Cellulose: 1– 4 linkage of  glucose monomers H O
CH2OH OH HO 4 C 1
(a)  and  glucose ring structures
(b) Starch: 1– 4 linkage of  glucose monomers
 glucose
 glucose

15. Carbohydrates Monomers are monosaccharides
Include simple sugars and complex carbohydrates called starches
Molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Function as main source of energy; also structural purposes such as cell walls of plants, fungi, and bacteria.

16. Lipids Supply our body with energy
Also insulate us against heat loss and cushion major organs
Made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids (a.k.a. triglyceride)

17. Lipids Saturated fatty acids make the lipid solid at room temperature
Every carbon has a H at every place possible
Liquid fats contain unsaturated fatty acids
Some carbons do not have H where one could be bonded

18. The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triglycerol
(b) Fat molecule (trilglycerol) H
O H C OH
Glycerol
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid) HO O
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Ester linkage

19. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

20. Lipids are not just for chewing
Fats and oils are present in the foods we eat.
Phospholipids have a phosphate head and only 2 fatty acid chains; they form our cells’ membranes.
Steroids are made up of 4 carbon rings
Cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone are examples.

21. Phospholipid Structure and Shape
Phospholipids in the Cell Membrane

23. Lipids Monomers: a glycerol group and up to three fatty acids
Examples are fats, oils
Molecules contain mostly carbon and hydrogen (long hydrocarbon chains or tails)
Functions include long term stored energy, insulation, some hormones and steroids

24. The emulsification of fats
Because fats do not disperse in liquids easily, diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol can lead to hardening of the arteries.
Bile is secreted during digestion to help fats disperse in the liquid contents of our stomach and intestine.

25. Proteins Proteins have many functions Provide structure
Act as hormones
Contract our
muscles
Transport
molecules in the
blood
Act as antibodies
and enzymes
In our cell membranes, form channels and transport molecules

26. Proteins (con’t) Are made up of amino acids
20 amino acids exist
12 of these 20 amino acids are made by the body; 8 must be ingested!
Amino acid chains fold upon themselves to form 3-D shapes which determine the function of the protein
Denaturation is caused by heat and changes in pH.

27. The 20 amino acids of proteins
H3N+ C
CH3 CH
CH2 NH
H2C
H2N
Nonpolar
Glycine (Gly)
Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val)
Leucine (Leu)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Proline (Pro)
H3C O O–

28. Polar Electrically chargedOH
CH2 C H
H3N+ O
CH3 CH SH
NH2
Polar
Electrically
charged –O
NH3+
NH2+
NH+ NH
Serine (Ser)
Threonine (Thr)
Cysteine
(Cys)
Tyrosine
(Tyr)
Asparagine
(Asn)
Glutamine
(Gln)
Acidic
Basic
Aspartic acid
(Asp)
Glutamic acid
(Glu)
Lysine (Lys)
Arginine (Arg)
Histidine (His)

29. Proteins Monomers are amino acids
Examples include meats. Milk and eggs contain protein.
Molecules contain hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfer (S)
Functions include fighting disease, transports substances into or out of cells, control the rate of chemical reactions.

34. Nucleic Acids
Monomers are nucleotides. Nucleotides have three subunits: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Examples are DNA and RNA
Molecules contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous
Functions include storing and tranferring genetic information

35. The components of nucleic acidsCH
Uracil (in RNA) U
5’ end
5’C O
3’ end OH
Nitrogenous
base
Nucleoside O O P
CH2
Phosphate
group
Pentose
sugar
(b) Nucleotide C N H
NH2 HN
CH3
Cytosine
Thymine (in DNA) T HC NH
Adenine A
Guanine G
Purines
HOCH2 5’ 4 3’ 2’ 1’
3’ 2’
Pentose sugars
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines
(c) Nucleoside components
(a) Polynucleotide,
or nucleic acid

36. Nucleic acids
Contain the genetic information needed to sustain life and are used in protein synthesis
Are made up of nucleotides
DNA – phosphate, sugar, and the bases A, T, G, C
RNA – phosphate, sugar, and the bases A, U, G, C
ATP – 3 phosphates, sugar, and the base A

40. The DNA double helix and its replication
3¢ end
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Base pair (joined by hydrogen bonding)
Old strands
Nucleotide about to be added to a new strand A
5¢ end
New strands C G T

41. ATP = cellular energy
When we digest food, sugars enter the mitochondria of our cells where cellular respiration occurs.
We store the energy released as sugar is broken down in ATP molecules (ADP + P  ATP)
When our cells need energy, ATP is broken down into ADP.

43. Review
To reinforce the concept of polymers(many) made from repeating monomers(one). Complete the following chart:
Monomer
Polymer

44. Check your answers
To reinforce the concept of polymers(many) made from repeating monomers(one). Complete the following chart:
Monomer- (subunits)
Polymer (macro molecules)
Monosaccharide (simple sugars)
polysaccharides starches-
cellulose
Amino acids
proteins
Nucleotides
nucleic acids
Fatty acids
lipids(triglycerides)
Lipids are smaller than true polymers and are not made of repeating units.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) polysaccharides starches-cellulose
Amino acids proteins
Nucleotides nucleic acids
Fatty acids lipids(triglycerides) 24

45. Draw a mark at the midpoint of a sheet of paper along the side edge.
Then fold the top and bottom edges in to touch the midpoint.

46. Fold in half from side to side.

47. Open and cut along the inside fold lines to form four tabs.

48. Label each tab.

49. As you read in the text, draw the structure and list the characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids under the appropriate tabs.
Include structure, what each is made of (subunits), uses, and examples

50. Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis (AKA condensation) is the process in living things that builds molecules. Monomers are bonded together to form polymers.
Hydrolysis is the process in living things that break down molecules. This is what happens during digestion.

51. Making a polypeptide chain
DESMOSOMES OH
CH2 C N H O
Peptide bond SH
Side chains
H2O
Amino end (N-terminus)
Backbone
(a)
Carboxyl end (C-terminus)
(b)

52. Examples of disaccharide synthesis
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose. The bonding of two glucose units forms maltose. The glycosidic link joins the number 1 carbon of one glucose to the number 4 carbon of the second glucose. Joining the glucose monomers in a different way would result in a different disaccharide.
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose. Notice that fructose, though a hexose like glucose, forms a five-sided ring.
(a)
(b) H HO
H OH OH O
CH2OH
H2O 1 2 4
1– 4 glycosidic linkage
1–2 glycosidic linkage
Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
Sucrose

53. 1. Each table will get two different colored glucose molecules 2
1. Each table will get two different colored glucose molecules 2. Join (bond) the two glucoses together by cutting off an –H from one molecule and an –OH from another. Tape the 2 together 3. Take the trimmed H-OH, attach it to the water drop, and tap that onto the bottom of the bond 4. Name your molecule! Remember – it needs to end in -ose