1. DEFINITION AND APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF MORAL/ ETHICS DEFINISI ETIKA & PENDEKATAN KEPADA KAJIAN MORAL/ETIKA

2. CONTENTS Philosophy, Morality and Ethics Moral Education in real sence
Approaches to Moral Studies
Ethics and Teachers
Sources of Ethics

3. PENGERTIAN FALSAFAH/ETIKA
Philia (Greek) means ‘love or friendship”
Sophia means ‘wisdom’
Philosophy means ‘love of wisdom’
Tiga cabang falsafah
Epistemology: The study of knowledge
Metaphysics: The study of reality
Ethics: The right or wrong of our conduct

4. DEFINISI ETIKA
Etika berasal dari perkataan ‘ethos’ (Greek) yang membawa maksud budaya/perangai/keperibadian
Moral berasal dari perkataan Latin “moralis’ yang bermaksud adat/ budi pekerti /adab
Ethics refers to the area of morality which concentrates on human conduct and human values (Thiroux, 2000)
Morality refers to that part of human behaviors that can be evaluated in terms of right or wrong (Goree, Keith., 1966)

5. MORALITY AND ETHICS
Moraliti adalah konsep peringkat pertama yang menganalisis amalan baik atau buruk yang dapat memberi panduan kepada tingkah laku manusia
Etika adalah pertimbangan reflektif (peringkat kedua) terhadap kepercayaan dan amalan moral manusia.
Moraliti adalah sistem peraturan yang meminda perlakuan dalam pelbagai keadaan sosial
Moraliti menetapkan piawai terhadap perlakuan yang baik/terpuji
Moraliti umumnya adalah mengenai perbuatan yang baik berbanding yang buruk.

6. Where does morality come from?
It is as system of ‘shared’ values which justify our means
There is basically two types of moral justification:
1. Negative
2 Positive

7. MORAL EDUCATION IN REAL SENSE
Analyze the following statements: Are they moral education?
You are taught not to tell lie because if you did others would not trust you.
You are taught to treat others well because they would treat you well in return
You are taught to work hard because of the satisfaction this brought to you

8. How about the following set of statements?
You are taught not to lie because it is wrong to do so.
You are taught not to treat others well because they deserve to be so treated/It will be wrong to do otherwise.
You are taught to work hard because you ought to contribute to the society/organization or wrong to do otherwise.

9. THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF PERSONAL ETHICS - FOR YOUR THOUGHTS!
Positive mental attitude (mind)
Respect (eyes and ears)
Integrity (mouth)
Compassion (heart)
Cooperation (hands)
Perseverance (mouth/gut)
Initiative (feet)
Character Education Center Bureau of Essential Ethics

10. PENDEKATAN KEPADA KAJIAN MORAL
Pendekatan Saintifik dan Pedekatan Falsafah
Pendekatan Saintifik/’descriptive’
Ia merupakan kajian saintifik terhadap tingkah laku manusia
Pendekatan Falsafah
Ia merupakan pendekatan normatif (standard) prescriptive seperti:
Egoism: Manusia seharusnya bertindak mengikut kepentingan peribadi.
Altruism: Manusia seharusnya sentiasa bertindak mengikut kepentingan orang lain
Utilitarianism: Manusia seharusnya sentiasa bertindak mengikut kepentingan semua orang termasuk kepentingan peribadi.

11. EGOISM Terdapat dua jenis egoism iaitu: Psychological egoism
It is a view about people behave or what they do want to do
Ethical egoism (Normative)
It is a theory about how people ought to do
Kewujudan dua jenis egoism sering menimbulkan dilema moral kepada kita

12. METAETIKA
Amoral: Having no moral sense or being indifferent to right or wrong
No moral: It means out of realm of morality together
Metaetika menganalisis bahasa etika seperti adakah hukuman mati itu boleh dijustifikasikan
Yang dipersoalkan ialah bahasa etika (ethical language), istilah etika (ethical terms), pernyataan etika (ethical statements) untuk mengetahui maksudnya

13. KEBAIKAN MEMPELAJARI ETIKA KEPADA PARA PENDIDIK
Membantu memahami kedudukan sesuatu masalah etika
Berfikir secara kritikal setelah memperoleh kemahiran dan konsep tertentu
Mampu menganalisis perdebatan etika
Menghormati pandangan orang lain yang bertentangan
Mempertimbang kemunasabahan pandangan yang selama ini tidak disetujui …

14. TIGA SUMBER DATA TERHADAP ETIKA
Secara intuitif (intuitions)
Peraturan dan kod-kod tertentu
Peranan sosial (social roles)

15. SOALAN?
SEKIAN
TERIMA KASIH