1. Chapter 1 Section 3 Luther Leads the Reformation
Objective: Assess & summarize the causes & effects of the Protestant Reformation
Vocabulary: Indulgence, Reformation, Lutheran, Protestant, Peace of Augsburg, Annul, & Anglican
Describe a time when someone stood up & spoke out when they noticed something was wrong. What were they were standing up for & why? In the end, what happened?

2. Setting the Stage
By the 10th century, the Roman Catholic Church had dominated religious life in Northern/Western Europe
However, people still criticized its practices
People believed the church was gaining too much wealth & political power
What aspects of life did the church control?
- Social, religious, & political.

3. Causes of the Reformation
The Renaissance emphasis on the secular & the individual challenged Church authority
Some rulers challenged the Church’s political power
Spurred by social, political, & economic forces, a new movement for religious reform began in Germany
Social = Printing press spread these secular idea.
Political = Pope was considered a foreign ruler & challenged the authority of leaders
Economic = Resented paying taxes to the church
Religious = Some church leaders had become corrupt

4. Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Critics of the Church claimed that its leaders were corrupt
Popes who ruled during the Renaissance had patronized the arts, spent money on personal pleasure, & fought wars
Lower clergy were uneducated & couldn’t teach people
Priests broke their vows by marrying, drinking, or gambling
People had come to expect higher standards of conduct from church leaders
Give an example of someone you expect higher standards from & would be upset if they didn’t meet those standards.
Pope Alexander Vi admitted that he had fathered several children
People began stating that the Bible had more authority than the Church leaders did.

5. Luther Challenges the Church
Martin Luther was a monk & teacher who taught at the University of Wittenberg in Germany
He wanted to be a good Christian, not lead a religious revolution
In 1517, Luther decided to speak out against the church for selling indulgences (a pardon from sins)
People believed they could buy their way into heaven
Martin Luther’s parents wanted him to be lawyer, he went to school for a few years before turning to theology.
Johann Tetzel was raising money to build St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, & was selling indulgences.
Sinner didn’t have to perform the penalty imposed for their sins.

6. The 95 Theses
Luther wrote 95 Theses attacking “pardon-merchants” & stapled them to the church door
Someone copied Luther’s words & took them to the printing press
Quickly, Luther’s name became known all over Germany
Luther’s actions began the Reformation (a movement for religious reform)
Luther’s teaching rested on 3 main ideas
People could only win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness
All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible
All people with faith were equal
What was the name of person who invented the printing press that allowed Luther’s words to be printed quickly & cheaply?
Theses (Formal statements)
He invited scholars to debate him.

7. The Response to Luther
Luther was astonished how rapidly his ideas spread & attracted followers
The pope began to realize Luther was a serious threat
1520, Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication (banishment from the church)
Luther burned the letter & was excommunicated
Charles V supported the Pope
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms, which declared Luther an outlaw & a heretic
Prince Frederick offered Luther food & shelter for over a year
Church officials originally viewed Luther as a rebellious monk who needed to be put in his place.
Luther suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force.
No one was able to give Luther food or shelter & all his books were to be burned

8. The Emperor’s Opposition
1522, Luther returned to Wittenberg
Luther & his followers became a separate religious group called the Lutherans
German princes’ saw Luther’s teachings as a way to assert their independence from Charles V
Those who supported Luther became known as Protestants (a member of a Christian church founded on the principals of the Reformation)
After a brutal war, Charles V & German princes’ signed the Peace of Augsburg (each ruler would decide their religion)
When he returned he saw a lot of his ideas were being put to practice.
Peasants revolted against their princes & began raiding monasteries, pillaging, & burning places
Luther was horrified & urged German princes to show the peasants no mercy
The peasants felt betrayed
Charles V was victorious but failed to force them back to the Catholic church.

9. England Becomes Protestant
When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509, he was a devout Catholic
He was known as the “Defender of the Faith”
Henry VIII & his wife Catherine of Aragon only had one daughter (Mary) but no son
In 1527, Henry wanted a divorce but that was against church law
Henry asked for the pope to annul (set aside) his marriage to Catherine of Aragon but he refused
Why would Henry VIII want to annul his marriage?
Henry VIII earned the title defender of the faith when he wrote a stinging attack on Luther’s ideas.
Henry VIII’s father came to power at the end of a long civil war (war of the roses) & needed a male heir to keep the throne with the Tudors. (No woman at this point had successfully claimed the English throne).
Catherine was 42 & he was convinced she couldn’t have any more kids
Catherine’s nephew was the holy roman emperor Charles V.

10. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Henry VIII asked parliament to pass a set of laws that ended the Pope’s power in England, they were known as the Reformation Parliament
Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the official head of England’s Church
1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn, however she only gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth
Eventually, she fell out favor with Henry VIII & he found her guilty of treason & had her executed
Thomas More (Wrote Utopia) – refused to accept the terms of the act & remained a devout catholic, Henry had him arrested & imprisoned in the Tower of London & in 1535 he was executed.

11. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Henry married 6 times (2 he divorced, 2 he executed, 1 died of child birth complication, & 1 outlived him)
Henry’s one son Edward with his 3rd wife became king but died 6 years later with no heir
Henry’s daughter Mary became Queen & changed the church back to Catholic
When Mary died without an heir, Elizabeth took the throne
Elizabeth was protestant
Jane Seymour
Edward VI was 9 years old & always sick
During his reign, his advisors introduced Protestant reforms
Mary had many protestants executed.

12. Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
Elizabeth I set up the Church of England or Anglican Church
She tried to establish a state church that moderate Catholics & moderate Protestants might both accept
Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England
However, Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth with her cousin Mary Queen of Scots
What do you think/know will end up happening to Mary Queen of Scots?
Elizabeth faced several threats from her sister Mary’s ex-husband Philip II the Catholic king of Spain