1. The Border States Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, & Missouri
Maryland critical—Washington, D.C., at risk surrounded by Confederate territory. Martial law declared and new elections held to ensure pro-Union state legislature
Missouri important—strategic access to the lower Mississippi River. Divided loyalties but never enough secessionist support to withdraw from the Union
Kentucky necessary—the Ohio River border left the Union open to the threat of invasion. The governor refused to take sides, but the state sided with the Union after Confederate troops invaded in September 1861.
These divided loyalties meant citizens fought on both sides.

2. Goals and Strategies
Union Goals
Needed to be carefully defined
War could not center around the dispute over slavery—border states pushed to secede
Fight for patriotic reasons—to save the Union
Confederate Goals
South wanted to be left alone with slavery unchanged
Prepared to defend themselves against invasion
Felt northerners would soon tire of war and withdraw

3. Goals and Strategies Larger population = more available soldiers
With more factories, could produce war supplies
General Winfield Scott’s plan—slowly seal the South off from the rest of the world—Anaconda plan
Newspapers pushed “On to Richmond,” an attack on the Confederacy for a quick end to the war.
The North’s
Strategy
Ardent support for the cause made up for lack of resources
Fighting for freedom and their homeland—¾ of the population did not hold slaves
They were convinced of their military superiority— many army officers were southerners.
The South’s Strategy

4. The Major Battles Begin
Top generals on each side trained at West Point.
Old instructional methods based on infantry and cavalry charges, but with new weaponry these tactics led to huge casualties
Increased range and accuracy with bullet-shaped ammunition and rifling
Shrapnel replaced cannonballs, and fragments mowed down troops.
Tactics and Technology
Observation balloons were used to direct artillery fire, and camouflage was used to disguise tents and guns from view.
The telegraph allowed for quick communication.
Railroads were used to move large numbers of troops.
New Devices of War

5. The Emancipation Proclamation
Attitudes about the war changed with increased casualties
No longer about just saving the Union, the South needed to be punished for the bloodshed of the war.
Lincoln convinced to use constitutional power to end slavery, denying the South the labor needed to continue the war
Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1, 1863
It freed the slaves in all areas in rebellion against the U.S.
Abolitionists were upset slavery continued in the Union.
Riots broke out with increased competition for jobs in the North.
Supporters felt it would shorten the war.
Overseas reaction
The British felt Lincoln should have freed all of the slaves.
With war now about ending slavery, Britain would side with the Union.

6. African Americans and the War
In the South, African American farm and plantation labor released white males for the war effort. Slaves performed many non-combat jobs in the Confederate army.
Escaped slaves worked for the Union army in various jobs.
They formed Union army regiments in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Kansas, serving in segregated units.
Initially used for labor and guard duty, when allowed into battle they fought heroically.
The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was the most famous unit.
180,000 African Americans served in Union armies, taking part in 200 battles. More than 38,00 died serving the Union.

7. Life in the Military
Disease was responsible for most deaths, and various epidemics swept through the camps.
Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions.
Wartime medicine
Conditions were poor, tents were crowded, and the ground muddy or dusty depending on the weather.
Camp rations were good, but while on the march soldiers relied on hardtack and coffee.
Camp life
Prisoner exchanges ended in 1863, and both sides were guilty of inhumane treatment of prisoners.
Most notorious camps—Andersonville and Elmira
Prison camps

8. Life on the Home Front Southern Home Front Confederate Draft
Shortages made life difficult.
There were few factories, and food production dropped because of war.
War was fought on credit, and inflation resulted.
High prices and shortages led to food riots.
Soldiers deserted to take care of their families.
Poor men were patriotic, but their families came first.
Confederate Draft
Needed to maintain the army
Confederate Congress enacted 1st military draft in American history—April 1862
Unpopular conscription contradicted states’ rights
Governors of Georgia and North Carolina tried to block the draft.
Slaveholders were exempted from the draft.
Some areas were placed under martial law.

9. Copperheads and the Union Draft
No shortages, but the Union needed to draft more soldiers
Union draft law allowed the wealthy to hire substitutes or pay a $300 fee—making the war a poor man’s fight.
Antidraft riots fueled an existing antiwar movement, called Peace Democrats by supporters, Copperheads by critics.
Vocal critics who opposed the war, the draft, or emancipation were arrested and jailed without trials.
This was possible because Lincoln suspended habeas corpus across the entire country, saying he was willing to violate the constitution in order to save the nation.

10. Women in the Civil War Southern Women Northern Women
Spied for the Confederacy
Took over farms, stores, and plantations
Worked in the few factories and made ammunition for the troops
Formed societies to make bandages, shirts and bedclothes
Acted as volunteer nurses before Confederate Congress passed law allowing them to be hired as army nurses
Northern Women
Stepped into jobs so men could go fight
Produced huge amounts of food with the aid of new farm equipment
Female teachers went south to educate former slaves after the war
Became the first women to hold federal clerical jobs
Served in the Union army as nurses and volunteered to work in hospitals

11. The Monitor and the Merrimac
The Civil War at Sea
Boats built for speed that brought cotton out and silk, soap, pepper, and other goods into the Confederacy
Blockade Runners
Confederates hoped to destroy the Union blockade with a captured Union ironclad ship, the Merrimack, rebuilt and renamed the Virginia.
Union attacked with new vessel, the Monitor. The first battle between ironclads had no winner, but it changed naval warfare.
The Monitor and the Merrimac
Confederates used unconventional tactics to combat stronger Union navy.
Had 29 commerce raider ships roaming the oceans, successfully attacking Union merchant ships and disrupting the North’s foreign trade
Confederate
Raiders

12. Grant versus Lee General Ulysses S. Grant
Lincoln gave him command of Union armies in March 1864, and Grant made William Tecumseh Sherman commander on the western front of the war.
Grant wanted to take advantage of the Confederate shortages of men and supplies to end the war before the November election.
Ordered Sherman to “get into the interior of the enemy’s country as far as you can and inflict all the damage you can against their war resources”
General Robert E. Lee
South could not win the war, but a new president might accept southern independence in return for peace.
Lee planned to make the cost of fighting so high for the North that Lincoln would lose the upcoming election.

13. Confederate Hopes Fade
Democrats nominated George McClellan and adopted a party platform calling for an immediate end to the war.
Southerners found new hope, but the Republicans tried to broaden Lincoln’s appeal by picking Tennessee’s Andrew Johnson for the ticket. Lincoln expected to lose the election.
Sherman’s capture of Atlanta allowed Lincoln to easily defeat McClellan. Congress passed the 13th Amendment ending slavery, and the war seemed nearly over to all but die-hard secessionists. Lincoln announced his intention to be forgiving, but the bloody war continued.

14. The War Comes to an End Sherman’s March The fall of Richmond
After the election, Sherman marched across Georgia in what came to be known as the March to the Sea.
Sherman cut a swath of destruction 300 miles long and 50–60 miles wide.
After taking Savannah, Sherman turned north through South Carolina, destroying civilian property all along the way.
The fall of Richmond
Lee only had 35,000 defenders at Petersburg, and they were low on supplies.
Grant decided not to wait for Sherman’s troops.
Instead, he broke through Lee’s defenses at Petersburg and went on to take Richmond.
Lee tried to escape with his few remaining troops, but Grant blocked their way.

15. Surrender at Appomattox
Lee and Grant
With Union forces surrounding them, Lee decided to surrender.
Grant presented the terms of the surrender to Lee. Extremely generous for such a bloody conflict, Lee’s troops merely had to turn over their weapons and leave.
Grant announced, “The war is over. The rebels are our countrymen again.”
The war is over
News of Lee’s surrender brought joyful celebrations in the north.
Lincoln requested “Dixie” be played at the White House.
The last of the Confederate forces surrendered on May 26, 1865.
Sadly, President Lincoln would not live to see the official end of the war.