1. Outline Questionnaire Water Scarcity & Droughts 1st Assessment of MS Replies
Presented to: Core Group on WS&D Indicators Meeting
19th March 2008, DG ENV, Brussels
Maggie Kossida, ETC/W
National Technical University of Athens - NTUA

2. Outline Questionnaire on WS&D
Main Objective: collect information from the MS on WS&D and related issues, focusing on existing available information products and indicators used for identifying, assessing and managing these phenomena. serve as a basis of grouping the retrieved information towards a broader assessment for better sustaining and coordinating the development of indicators on WS&D which is currently an ongoing activity at EU level Structure: Table 1 General info on respondent Table 2 General info on D&WS information products Table 3 Drought indicators used in the Member country/State Table 4 WS indicators used in the Member country/State
Thank you !
9 Replies: CY, DE, ES, FI, FR, IT, NL, PT, UK
Date/ event: 19 March 200/ Core Group on WS&D Indicators meeting
Author: Maggie Kossida – ETC/W, NTUA

3. 1st Assessment _General Info On WS&D Products
General information products
National or Regional Drought Information homepage
Drought report
Hydrological bulletins/Water Resources Situation Reports/ Hydrological yearbooks
Water resource reports
State of Environment water resource chapters
Monitoring products
Drought monitoring (DM) – incl. remote sensing technologies
Drought Early Warning System (DEWS)
Research products
Drought and water scarcity indicators/indices
Major Research Initiatives and/or Projects
Mitigation and adaptation products
Drought mitigation and response plan
Drought management plan
Policy/legislation in mitigating drought impacts
Economic incentives for drought risk management

4. 1st Assmnt. _Drought Meteorological Indicators
Drought Meteorological indices/indicators CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Actual precipitation x
5/5
4/4
9/9
% of normal Rainfall
4/5
3/4
7/9
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
(not reg.)
(univ.r.)
(plan ‘09)
4/5*
1/4*
5/9*
Precipitation deciles
3/5*
4/9*
Precipitation anomaly (e.g Foley Drought Index)
0/5
3/9
Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)
2/5*
0/4
2/9*
Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)
1/5*
1/9*
not reg. = not on a regular basis
univ.r. = university research

5. 1st Assmnt. _Drought Agricultural Indicators
Drought Agricultural indices/indicators CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Soil Moisture Anomaly Index x
(univ.r.)
Using API
2/5*
1/4
3/9*
Soil Moisture Deficit
0/5
2/4
2/9
Palmer Moisture Anomaly Index (Z index)
2/5
0/4
Computed soil moisture
1/5*
2/9*
Crop Moisture Index (CMI) x*
1/9
Normalized Difference Vegetation Anomaly Index (NDVI)
1/5
API = Antecedent precipitation index (API) (daily, river basins)
x* = Soil moisture related to field capacity (daily and 14 days backwards)

6. 1st Assmnt. _Drought Hydrological Indicators
indices/indicators CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVER
ALL
Reservoir storage x
5/5
4/4
9/9
Cumulative stream flow anomaly (discharge stats)
3/5
2/4
5/9
GW levels (compared w/values eq. to percentiles of historical records)
2/5
4/9
Snowpack accumulation
7-day average flow
1/4
3/9
Surface Water Supply
Index (SWSI)
1/5
0/4
1/9
e.g. discharge stats
NQ: lowest discharge within the time period ZA during the reference period BZ [in m3/s]
MNQ: arithmetic mean of the annual series of the lowest discharge during the reference period BZ [in m3/s]
MaxD - longest period of non-exceedance of a threshold Qs within the time period ZA during the reference period BZ [in days]

7. 1st Assmnt. _Drought Impact IndicatorsCY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Impacts on economic sectors x* x
restr x#
3/5
2/4
5/9
Impacts on environment x^
x^^
2/5
4/9
Impacts on society (including health issues)
x**
1/5
1/4
2/9
Restr. = restrictions
* Economic studies on agricultural impacts being developed
** Water quality controls for public supply
^ Mainly wetlands, aquifers and vulnerable areas
^^ Fishes index
# Damage in agriculture, nature, navigation, tourism using models simulations

8. 1st Assmnt. _Drought Adapt & Mitig. Indicators
Drought Mitigation & Adaptation indicators (assessment of efficiency of measures) CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Measures of prevention (planning, etc) x x*
x**
2/5
1/4
3/9
Specific measures of mitigation and adaptation to droughts
x***
1/5
2/9
* Spring trades for summer restrictions
** Comprehensive system of drought plans. Water Resources Strategy used in Northern Ireland
*** Long-term water resources plans and strategies consider drought. Temporary pipeline/pumping of potable water if required in Northern Ireland.

9. 1st Assmnt. _WS/water availability IndicatorsCY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Hydrolog. Water balance x
3/5
2/4
5/9
Reservoir storage
Others (please specify) x1 x5
0/5
3/4
3/9
Water budget
1/5
1/4
2/9
x1 = potential water availability
x5 = water Deficits (surface and groundwater). Based on models simulations that combine hydrological effects with sector damages

10. 1st Assmnt. _WS/water abstraction Indicators
Water Abstraction/water use CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Water abstr. by source (surface water, grwater) x
3/5
3/4
6/9
Water use/demand by sectors
Total water abstraction (per River Basin District)
2/4
5/9
Water abstraction by sectors
2/5
Per capita water use (litres/capita/day) variation
Water use restr/interrupt. by sectors (# days/year, geo.extent of restr areas..) x*
0/4
3/9
Irrigation seasonality indicator
2/9
Integrated Sectoral Water Stress Index (ISWSI)
0/5
1/4
1/9
Others (please specify) x2
1/5
* Public supply entities
x2 = Water use/renewable water resources

11. 1st Assmnt. _WS/multi-component Indicators
Multi-component Indices CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Water Exploitation Index (WEI) x* x
1/5
1/4
2/9
Aquastress Water Stress Index (AWSI)
0/4
1/9
Others (please specify) x5
0/5
* used for studies
x5 = water Deficits (surface/water supply deficit, and groundwater/soil moisture deficit). Based on models simulations that combine hydrological effects with sector damages on agriculture, nature, navigation and tourism

12. 1st Assmnt. _WS/env. impacts Indicators
Environmental impacts of water scarcity CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Reservoir storage fluctuations x
3/5
3/4
6/9
Surface water low flow (e.g. #days with flow lower than 7Q10 low flow)
2/5
5/9
Saltwater intrusion
0/4
2/9
Aquifer Depletion - changes in water table
Disappearing lakes and wetlands
wetl. levels
1/5
1/4
Others (please specify) x4 x7
0/5
2/4
Fire potential (e.g. Keetch-Byram Drought Index)
1/9
x4 = Indicators describing indirectly ecological impacts (on habitats, fish, birds)
x7 = Environmental incidents (fish mortalities, algal blooms)

13. 1st Assmnt. _WS/other impacts Indicators
Other water scarcity Impact indicators CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Impacts on economic sectors x x*
1/5
2/4
3/9
Impacts on society
x**
* Hydropower production
** Length of the period when water level adequate for recreational use

14. 1st Assmnt. _WS/Mitig.&Adapt. Indicators
Water scarcity Mitigation & Adaptation indicators (assessment of efficiency of measures) CY ES FR IT PT DE FI NL UK
med
north
OVERALL
Policy instruments x
x**
2/5
3/4
5/9
Water saving measures
2/4
4/9
Water efficiency measures
Use of alternative WR
1/5
1/4
2/9
Others (please specify) x3 x6
0/5
Economic instruments x*
0/4
1/9
* Water markets
** Water supply priority series (this is an official national policy, but regional managers draw up regionally optimized water supply priority series as well)
x3 = productivity of water (measured as the gross domestic product per water used)

15. Remarks and Conclusions
diverse geographical and temporal distribution
wide variety of disciplines affected
many scales on which drought operates on
make it difficult to develop an index to measure it
Rather a WS & Drought Indicator System
Most common variables -Drought
Precipitation
Reservoir Storage
Streamflow
Groundwater level
Soil moisture
Most common parameters -WS
Water balance
Water Abstractions
Most common Impacts parameters
Environmental Impacts
Economic Impacts
Next Steps

16. Reporting sheet QNT_SW+GW (3)
How should it be reported ?
Data on Freshwater Resources Availability
Status and trends in the hydrometeorological parameters and the hydrological freshwater resources budget
Spatial aggregation: RBD level (scaled down to reflect spatial variability of WR and support adequate analysis)
Temporal aggregation: monthly basis (allow distinguishing seasonal patterns and assessing dry periods within a hydrological year, as well as investigating additional indices such as the “Dry season flow index, WRI)
Some additional data will be collected on surface water storage volume for the natural or man-made reservoirs in the RBD, and groundwater levels and storage for the main aquifer systems (comprehensive of the water resources’ availability trends over long-term and deeper assessment of water scarcity issues)
Streamflow data will be also compiled for selected gauging stations on a daily time step (provide a more complete national picture and assess additional hydrological trends, such as flood patterns, changes in the 7-day low flow etc.)

17. Currently vs. Suggested @ RBD
Data on Freshwater Resources Availability
Per capita /country
Source: Jucar pilot river basin report
River runoff
Source: Meteonet CHI NTUA

18. Reporting sheet QNT_SW (3)
How should it be reported ?
2. Data on surface water & groundwater RBD level
enhance the assessment, complimentarily with the OECD/Eurostat work, by including the aspects of seasonality, temporal and spatial variability
Annual assessments at national level do not reflect regional trends and patterns…
thus a regionalization at RBD level is required, and a seasonal scale analysis is needed to accurately capture the evolution of water abstractions by source and sector

19. Currently vs. Suggested @ RBD
Data on surface water & groundwater abstractions
WEI = Total water abstraction/year (as % of long-term FWR in 1990 and 2002)
Water use by sectors – RBD Loire-Britany

20. Reporting sheet QNT_SW (3)
Water Resources Availability
..\SoE template_Task 2.1\DELIVERABLE\Water_availability_template_final version.xls
A. Hydrometeorological Parameters
Determinand
Spatial
Scale
Temporal Scale
Precipitation (P)
RBD
Monthly
annual
long term annual average (LTAA)
Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa)
monthly
Internal flow (D = P - ETa)
Actual external inflow (Qi)
* only for national sub-catchments of international RBD
Total actual outflow (Qo = Qo,s + Qo,n)
of which Qo,s into the sea
of which Qo,n into neighboring territories
(only for national sub-catchments of international RBD)
Reporting sheet QNT_SW (3)

21. Reporting sheet QNT_SW (3)
Water Resources Availability
Reporting sheet QNT_SW (3)
B. Surface Water
Streamflow GS
Daily, Monthly
Surface water Reservoir storage
(natural and man-made) R
Monthly, Annual
long term annual average (LTAA)
C. Groundwater
Groundwater level
MAS
Changes in groundwater storage
IF data not available RBD,
THEN point measurements from available stations within the RBD
Streamflow at selected gauging stations_Specifications:
Daily data for the representative gauging stations (minimum of 10 years continuous measurements is desirable). Each representative GS and year should be described by a set of summary statistics (mean, maximum, mean annual minimum flow (MAM), etc.)
Representative GS: such as downstream stations at the main catchments and main tributaries. Stations may also be selected to describe natural flow such as stations unaffected by reservoirs or water abstractions. One GS/1000 km2 may be used as an indicative density

22. Water Abstraction by source and sector
..\SoE template_Task 2.1\DELIVERABLE\Water_abstraction_template_final version.xls
Determinand
Spatial scale
Temporal Scale
Volume of freshwater abstraction from surface water
RBD
Seasonal (M), Annual,
long term annual average
Volume of freshwater abstraction from groundwater
Seasonal, Annual,
Volume of freshwater abstraction for each sector
Reporting sheet QNT_SW (3)
Sectors:
public water supply (if possible separate between domestic, commercial, tourism and industrial purposes)
Agriculture
manufacturing industry split by abstraction for industrial processes
production of thermoelectric power (cooling)
Tourism
Mining
Hydropower
Livestock
Fish farms
IF data not available RBD,
THEN point measurements from available locations within the RBD

23. DPSIR Framework – indicators showing trends
Pressure
Driving Force
State
Response
Impact
Natural water balance (under potential natural vegetation?)
Precipitation
Precipitation deficit
Natural factors
Temperature
Soil moisture
Ecological minimum flow
Climate change
Distance to target from “reference value for aridity” specified for RB - Drought index ?
Evapotranspiration
Fire potential
Population density
Implementation of DMPs
Water Exploitation Index WEI
Tourism over night stays
Water restrictions
Salt water intrusion
Water efficiency
km2 land under irrigation
Reservoir storage
Investment in supply and demand side measures
km2 of irrigation intense crops
Fish index
Man-made factors
GW/ Aquifer level
Water use per sector
Nr. Housholds; nr power plants, nr industries
Loss of wetlands
Water price per m3
River discharge
Land use change
m3 water for freshwater pools, km2 golf area
Land given up due to desertification

24. Thank you for your attention !