1. The Unification of Italy
The Impact of the French Revolution

2. What impact did the Revolution and Napoleon have on Italy?

3. Impact 1789 French Revolution
1793 Louis XVI is executed and French armies begin invading European lands spreading their ideas
The Revolutionary Wars had an immense impact on Italy
1792 Savoy was invaded by the French (to secure the southern French border)
Thus begins the spreading of ideas into Italy
In the cities began calls for “liberty, Equality and Fraternity”

4. Napoleon 1794 French Grand Army crossed into Genoa
Inadequately supplied, poorly paid and undisciplined- made little progress, until…
Napoleon Bonaparte took command and invaded Piedmont defeating Austrian troops along the way
1797 Napoleon imposed his own rule on Austrian lands effectively redrawing the map of Italy and even gave internal reforms to the lands he conquered

5. Changes in Italy as a result of 1796-1798
1797 Treaty of Campo Formio- Austria gained Venice but gave Belgium and Lombardy to France
King of Naples was defeated by the French in Naples was occupied- Napoleon created the Roman Republic and the Neapolitan Republic as French satellite states
French troops occupied the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1798

6. Changes in Italy as a result of 1796-1798
In all states he reorganized he gave constitutions based on the French constitution
Elections were held
Major changes in law and government
1798 Napoleon invades Egypt (fails)- returns to France and organizes a successful coup
1799 Austrian troops had entered French lands in Italy and restored what the French had changed
1800 Napoleon crosses the alps again and destroys the Austrians at Marengo- another round of Italian reorganization by Napoleon (that’s what the picture on the back wall is all about)

7. Changes in Italy as a result of 1796-1798
1802 Republic of Italy is created (after Napoleon becomes emperor in 1805, the republic becomes the Kingdom of Italy)
1805 The Kingdom of Italy controls one third of the Italian lands and 6.5 million inhabitants
Venice and the Illyrian provinces become part of France
1806 French troops are sent to Naples and create the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleon gave the kingdom to a trusted general Joachim Murat)
1802 Piedmont becomes part of France, 1805 so does Genoa, Tuscany and Parma
1809 Rome is taken by the French and the pope is exiled- Rome becomes part of France

10. Significance of the Changes
Disparate Italian territories were now united under French control
Italian response was very significant- calls for Italians to unite against foreign domination
Educated Italians began to see a greater national calling- Italy, led by Italians

11. Why was there unrest in Italy?

12. The Situation in 1815
After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna (1815) had to decide European territorial and conservative issues
Italy was not a concern other than for territorial issues
This is what was determined:

14. Italy in 1815
The Congress re-established Austrian control of the Italian peninsula
Hapsburgs restored to the majority of the Kingdoms and the Bourbons were restored to the Kingdom of Naples
The Papal states controlled the central core of the peninsula but was dependent on Austria for a military (but this means anyone trying to take any of the Papal states away had to deal with Austria)

15. Italy in 1815
Rome was returned as the heart and soul of the Italian nation- nationalist pride for any Italians went back to the Roman Empire
Also is the spiritual home of the world’s Catholics- very powerful
For Italian nationalists, Rome was imagined as the de-facto capital of the Italian nation-state (regardless of how far fetched that might have been)

16. Italy in 1815
After the restoration- Italy slumped back into political and economic stagnation
Localism gripped Italy
Locals sought to preserve ancient privileges, regulations, and traditions at the expense of economic efficiency
Under Metternich’s guidance, the Italian states took every opportunity to suppress Liberal reform
Vatican control of education, population growth was more rural than urban, peaceful Europe had less need for food
It seemed highly unlikely for any kind of Liberal movement in Italy

17. “In 1815 there was little prospect of change in Italy and the old regimes were strongly reasserted” or “too much had changed in 1815 to make the restoration of the old regimes permanent”

18. Radical Reform Not surprising- a radical underground reform movement
Secret Societies blossomed after the Congress- primarily middle class people
Discuss liberal, democratic, nationalistic ideas and disseminate banned literature, plot murders and uprisings
The Carbonari- Charcoal Burners

19. The Early Uprisings The Carbonari looked to Spain as inspiration
1820 Sicily- Ferdinand (Bourbon) forced to give a constitution
1821 Austrian army crushed the Sicilian revolt (*Congress of Vienna)
1821 Piedmont- resistance put down only with the help of foreign intervention
1830 Paris Uprisings inspired Italians
All 1830 revolts in Italy were crushed by Austrian military intervention

20. The Early Revolts
The early revolts in Naples and Piedmont were rather unsuccessful but were evidence of liberal and nationalistic ideas existing in Italy
The language of the revolts was romantic and poetic:
“The emancipation of Italy will occur; the signal has been given. O Italians, even if we have to wear chains, let us keep our hearts free”- Santarosa
The revolts were not really national in character- the aims of the conspirators reflected local grievances and ideals

21. Giuseppe Mazzini
One name connected to the cause of Italian Nationalism
Middle class intellectual from Piedmont
Romantic, thought that for all people to achieve their full potential, liberty, both personal and national was necessary
The moral component in 19th century Romanticism had its biggest impact on Nationalist movements

22. Giuseppe Mazzini
For Romantics, nationalism was an imperative to the progress of human society
Combine with the idea of the corrupting “chains” of the existing regimes- flouting the will of the people they governed
All Romantics held Jean Jacques Rousseau in high esteem and as a root value believed in the equality of all humans
Mazzini, both a romantic and a nationalist, therefore was predisposed to republicanism

23. Giuseppe Mazzini
Romantics: deed over debate, action over administration- therefore violent revolution
suppression of the revolts made them think over this concept
1830 he created ‘Young Italy’- a new secret society
Mazzini would spend much of his life in exile- London
1848 Italian nationalists (led through the Young Italy movements) were ready to make another attempt on removing the old order

24. Why did the Italian risings between 1820 and 1844 achieve so little?

25. The Unification of Italy
Why did the 1848 Revolutions fail and how important were they?

26. 1848
1846 Pius IX- limited reforms: amnesty for political prisoners, reform of Rome’s municipal government, etc…
Greeted with popular enthusiasm through the Papal States but with concern in Vienna
Pius XI even stood up to Metternich and forced him to remove Austrian troops after he sent them in after this endeared him to Liberals and Nationalists
The reality of how progressive Pius was is up for debate but since the door cracked open a bit, liberal ideas began to swarm

27. 1848
The first rebellion began in Sicily (surprising?)- Ferdinand II gave in to a constitution
Was this rebellion liberal or nationalist? What were the fighting for?
localism
“a return to 1812”

28. 1848
Piedmont seemed the most likely for rebellions to take hold King Charles Albert had granted some civil liberties and a constitution
Expanded his Piedmontese army as well (is that good for liberal/nationalists or reactionary forces?
Piedmont was in an interesting position- a buffer state created by the Congress, therefore if Austria intervened on any kind of military increase it would be a violation of sovereignty
However if Charles Albert saw himself as a potential magnet for unification ideals he would need a much bigger army

29. 1848
Piedmont reform ideas spread into bordering areas- Lombardy and Venetia and Tuscany (constitution)
1848 There was also a revolt in Vienna- word of that encouraged revolts within Italy
Independent republics were proclaimed throughout Italy

30. Back to Charles Albert
With Austrian troops on the run or focused on Vienna- Charles Albert saw his chance- invaded Lombardy
Volunteers from the Papal states and Naples rallied to join Piedmont
Mazzini himself, in Paris, quickly came to Lombardy- he asked for any ideological issues to be restrained until all Austrian troops were removed from Italy
However the local rulers feared republicanism and debated uniting with Piedmont instead of offering power over to the people
Venetia, Lombardy, Parma and Modena voted to unite with Piedmont

31. 1848
By the summer, Ferdinand in Naples had taken power back from the revolutionaries
In the North the Austrians had strengthened and defeated the Piedmont army as the battle of Custozza.
Further defeat crushed Piedmont ambitions and Charles Albert abdicated in 1849

33. 1848
1848 the Pope fled Rome and revolutionaries proclaimed the Roman Republic
1849 the republic is invaded by a union of the Naples army, Spanish army and French army (Catholic countries)
Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, defenders of the republic were able to hold out for months, but it was futile
The Pope returned and re-established a strict form of conservatism
Reactionary forces were very successful in regaining power and territory

34. Garibaldi
Nationalism in the 19th century: political vision (elite) and nationalistic enthusiasm (the masses)
Garibaldi embodies the enthusiasm side- joined Mazzini’s Young Italy, fled to South America
Fought in the wars of South American Independence
1848 came back to support the Roman Republic; fled again in 1849
Returned again during the integral part of Italy’s Unification

35. The results of 1848
Evidence of true nationalist sentiment among all classes?- established rulers , initially the Pope, Charles Albert and Ferdinand were involved
However, were they unified? In their states one would have to dominate the other which of course was unacceptable to others
Inclusion of the masses in the established republics was good initially but led to fractures through the movement
Success in Piedmont- administrative and military stability- not strong enough against Austria
Success in the Republics- public enthusiasm and romanticism- not organized enough against Austria
Must combine the two