1. Introduction To Matter

2. Describing Matter Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space.
The “stuff” that makes up everything in the universe.
Exists in many shapes, colors, textures and forms.
Water, rocks, living things and stars.
All forms of matter are made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion.
Too small to be seen with the naked eye.

3. Properties of Matter
Properties of matter help you to identify and classify a sample of something.
Properties of Matter:
Color
Texture
Odor
Luster
Transparency
Hardness
Resistance to breakage
Ability to dissolve

4. Particle Movement
Particles are in constant motion but the speed at which the particles move change with temperature.
Temperature increases = particle speed increases
Temperature decreases = particle speed decreases
Particle speed determines whether a substance will be a solid, liquid or gas.

5. Phases of Matter The 3 principal phases of matter: Solid Liquid Gas
(Ice) (Water) (Water Vapor)

6. Solids Has a definite shape Has a definite volume.
Particles are packed closely together in a fixed position.
Particles are not motionless but have slight back and forth motions or vibrations.

7. Liquids Have no definite shape Have a definite volume.
Take the shape of the container its in.
Have a definite volume.
Particles move around one another freely.
Viscosity – the resistance of a liquid to flow.
High viscosity – flow slowly
Molasses
Low viscosity – flow quickly
Water or Oil

8. Gases No definite volume No definite shape
Takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Particles move at high rates of speed in all directions.

9. Phase Changes
To change the phase of a substance, heat must be added or taken away.
100°C
0°C
-10°C

10. Heat Added or Taken Away
Phase Changes
Phase Change
What Occurs
Heat Added or Taken Away
Example
Freezing
Liquid to Solid
Taken Away
Water to Ice
Melting
Solid to Liquid
Added
Ice to Water
Condensation
Gas to Liquid
Steam to Water
Evaporation
Liquid to Gas
Water to Steam

11. Characteristic Properties
Properties that hold true for a particular kind of matter regardless of what the sample is.
NEVER change and can be used to identify unknown matter.
2 characteristic properties of substances:
Boiling point - The temperature at which a liquid boils.
Melting point - The temperature at which solids melt.

12. Boiling Point/Melting Point
Can be used to identify substances that otherwise look the same.
A clear substance that boils at 100°C:
A clear substance that melts at -190°C:
Substance
Melting Point
(°C)
Boiling Point
Water
100
Chloroform
-64 61
Ethanol
-117 79
Propane
-190
-42
Table Salt
801
1465
Water
Propane

13. Changes in Matter Matter can be changed in two ways:
Physically – any time matter undergoes a change in size, shape or phase.
With each of these changes you still have the same particles that made up the original product.
Chemically – any time a color change takes place, an odor is produced, heat is produced, or a gas is produced.
Each of these produces something new and has altered the particle makeup of the substance.

14. Physical Changes
Changes in the state of matter are examples of physical changes.
Changes that alter the form of a substance but not its identity.
Crushing a can – still a can
Tearing paper – just 2 pieces now
Adding sugar to iced tea – only dissolved
The form or appearance of the substance changed, but the substance itself didn’t.

15. Chemical Changes
Chemical Changes occur when substances combine or break apart to form new substances.
Alters both the form and identity of the substance.
Turning sugar into caramel
Burning wood
Applying acid to limestone to produce gas.
You CAN NOT get the original substance back once changed.

16. Physical or Chemical Changes
Description
Form
Changes
Identity
Physical or Chemical
Food digesting in your stomach
Burn a match
Car rusting
Mix lemonade & water
Melt an ice cube
Tearing a piece of paper
Boiling water
Crumple aluminum foil into a ball
Baking bread
Slice a cookie into 4 pieces
Drop antacid tablet into water X X C X X C X X C X P X P X P X P X P X X C X P X X C