1. 1.3-Kingdoms and Domains
SBI3U1

2. Recall: TAXONOMY is the study of . . .
DISCOVERING NAMING DESCRIBING CLASSIFYING
In order to describe and classify a new species, one must compare them to other organisms.
ORGANISMS
Used to better understand biodiversity

3. Remember….. Organisms are classified based on 8 taxonomic categories:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Now let’s focus on these!

4. Classifying Species ( Kingdoms & Domains)
When classifying species , scientists look for similarities and differences between organisms at a higher rank such as domain and kingdoms
When scientists look at similarities they look at the organisms cell type, cell number & DNA sequence.

5. Animals Plants Fungi Protists Bacteria Archaea
Six Kingdoms are…
Animals Plants Fungi Protists Bacteria Archaea

6. Six Kingdoms
Advances in microscopy and molecular biology have increased the number of kingdoms from two in the 1800s to six in 1990s

7. The info used to categorize different kingdoms:
Cell Type
Number of Cells
Cell Wall Material
Nutrition
Type of Reproduction
*Note: cell type and number of cells are primary distinction factor.

8. 1. Cell Types
Prokaryotes (before nucleus) : small, simple cell without a membrane bound nucleus ( NO NUCLEUS) Eukaryotes (true nucleus) : ~1000X larger, complex cell with a membrane bound nucleus (CONTAINS NUCLEUS)

10. 2. Number of Cells
Multicellular organisms are made of more than one eukaryotic cell
E.g. Cats, plants, humans
Single-cell (or unicellular) organisms are usually made of prokaryotic cells
E.g. Bacteria

11. 3. Cell Wall Materials Cell wall material varies btw. organisms
Depending on type of material, organisms are classified in different domains and kingdoms
Chitin (fungi)
Peptidoglycan is a polymer of animo acids and sugars
Chitin is a polysaccharide that contains nitrogen
Cellulose is a polysaccharide with B-glucose (indigestible in humans)
Cellulose (plants)
Peptidoglycan (bacteria)

12. 4. Nutrition
Autotrophs: organisms that capture energy from sunlight to produce their own food. Heterotrophs: organisms that get nutrients and energy by consuming other organisms.
Autotroph
Heterotroph

13. 5. Reproduction
Asexual: offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only Sexual: genetic material of two parents are combined to create an offspring
Asexual Reproduction

14. There are 3 Domains Bacteria Archaea
Eukarya ( protista, fungi, plantae, animalia)

15. Dichotomous Keys Identification tool
Series of two-part choices that lead the user to the correct identification of an organism
Used by scientist with a specimen that is unknown

16. Dichotomous Keys
To classify an organism, scientists begin at the domain level and work through many sequential questions with only two possible answer choices to reach a genus/species level of identification.
Most questions involve anatomical and structural analysis.
In some cases, only the kingdom taxon is required.

17. Dichotomous Key (pg. 27) 1a. Skin dry and warty...American toad
1b. Skin not dry and warty...go to 2
2a. Toes with “sticky pads”...go to 3
2b. Toes without sticky pads...go to 4
3a. Brown, <2 cm, a darker X-shaped mark on the back...spring peeper
3b. Grey or green, yellow under the legs...eastern grey treefrog
4a. Back without a pair of ridges...go to 5
4b. Back with a pair of ridges...go to 6
5a. Mottled pattern, with mammal-like odour...mink frog
5b. Unmottled green pattern; to 15 cm...bullfrog
6a. Back with large round or squarish spots...go to 7
6b. Back unspotted (or with a few small spots)...go to 8
7a. Spot round...leopard frog
7b. Spots squarish...pickerel frog
8a. Predominantly green colour...green frog
8b. Brown, with a dark mask through the eye...wood frog

18. Dichotomous Keys
Often, the key is turned into a visual

19. Dichotomous Key Game:
omous_bugs.swf

20. HOMEWORK
-Read and make notes 1.3 pgs Complete pg. 30 Q# 2, 6, 7, 8 -Dichotomous Key Activity TBA