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Review for Final Exam Biology 202B 5/28/13 Materials Needed:
paper, pencil/pen and calculator Ext. 3026 Ext. 3124
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For Mrs. Ulry’s students
Work Schedule For Mrs. Ulry’s students
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Final Exam In Summary… 100 total points 20 questions
Multiple choice format 5 questions from each unit (1,2,3 &4)
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Need to Know Topics Unit 1 Differences between RNA and DNA
Functions for RNA Cell Location for: DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, protein synthesis Processes for preserving genetic code Polygenetic traits
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Need to Know Topics Unit 2 Adaptation Genetic Drift Natural Selection
Dichotomous Keys Phylogenetic Trees (aka cladograms)
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DNA RNA ~BOTH~
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Four nitrogenous bases
DNA RNA ~BOTH~ Carries genetic Info Found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Never moves out of the nucleus. Four nitrogenous bases Found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Carries genetic information. Never moves out of the nucleus. Four types of nitrogenous bases. Involved in making proteins. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine Sugar Phosphate Protein synthesis
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DNA or RNA? Explain how you Know! Pic D Pic A Pic C Pic B
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DNA or RNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Stores genetic code
Double Helix Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Part of the structure of the ribosome Plays a role in protein production Messenger RNA (mRNA) Single Strand Copy of the genetic code (DNA) Made through transcription Transfer RNA (tRNA) Identifies which amino acid the mRNA is coding for and brings it over to the growing strand
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Matching Review Structure Role
Assembled to make a protein or polypeptide Has codons that act as the genetic "blueprints“ for building proteins Uses an anticodon to determine the needed amino acid Site of protein synthesis Forms one of two subunits (either large or small) rRNA Ribosomes tRNA mRNA Amino Acids
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Matching Review Structure Role Amino Acids mRNA tRNA Ribosomes rRNA
Assembled to make a protein or polypeptide mRNA Has codons that act as the genetic "blueprints“ for building proteins tRNA Uses an anticodon to determine the needed amino acid Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis rRNA Forms one of two subunits (either large or small)
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~ Word Bank: Amino Acids, Growing Protein, Nucleus, Ribosome, mRNA, tRNA
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Nucleus Amino Acids Growing Protein tRNA mRNA Ribosome
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Polygenetic Traits Several genes contribute an equal, small degree towards the resulting phenotype Examples: skin color (3 or more genes) Height Hair Color Eye Color
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C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring.
Which characteristic is most important for preserving the code from one generation to the next? Offspring only receive one exact copy of a DNA molecule from each parent Each time DNA replicated, the same base pairing rules are followed C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring. D. DNA remains in the nucleus for replication Children inherit DNA from their parents. Which characteristic of DNA replication is most important in preserving the genetic code from one generation to the next? When DNA replicates, it always remains in the nucleus, so the risk of mutation remains low. Only one DNA molecule from each parent replicates, so only two exact copies are passed on to the children. Both parents’ DNA have identical backbones, so the children's DNA will always be identical to the parents’. DNA follows base-pairing rules, so it forms an exact copy of itself every time it replicates.
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C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring.
Which characteristic is most important for preserving the code from one generation to the next? Offspring only receive one exact copy of a DNA molecule from each parent Each time DNA replicated, the same base pairing rules are followed C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring. D. DNA remains in the nucleus for replication Children inherit DNA from their parents. Which characteristic of DNA replication is most important in preserving the genetic code from one generation to the next? When DNA replicates, it always remains in the nucleus, so the risk of mutation remains low. Only one DNA molecule from each parent replicates, so only two exact copies are passed on to the children. Both parents’ DNA have identical backbones, so the children's DNA will always be identical to the parents’. DNA follows base-pairing rules, so it forms an exact copy of itself every time it replicates.
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Evolution of Populations
Gene pool: all the genes from a specific population of organisms Includes all the different alleles for each type of gene Ratios of alleles can change over time and influence the population … If the white-white combination causes death, then the new ratio would be 75% black and 25% white allele… Gene Pool in this example has 60% black allele and 40% white allele
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Genetic Drift Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency that usually leads to a loss of genetic variation.
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Natural Selection The process of some factor in the environment favoring one group of individuals with one kind of allele over another group of individuals with a different kind of allele.
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What is an Adaptation? Differences! Variety…
Wings longer than body Thorax & abdomen striped Red eyes Wings white White eyes Wings black Wings shorter than body Thorax striped & abdomen black. Variety…
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Natural Selection explains Evolution
Natural selection leads to a change in allele frequencies. When an environment changes, the organisms must change too. The alleles that are favored are passed onto future generations. Over time, we see these alleles cause changes and adaptations in whole populations of organisms. This process of change in organisms’ genetics or allele frequency = evolution.
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Process of Evolution Organisms that are “fit”, survive, and reproduce
“fit” in that their specific adaptations fit the environment in which they are living best (or better than others in their species), therefore – they survive, and reproduce and propagate the species. There is no disagreement on this point of evolution (i.e. natural selection), sometimes referred to as “micro-evolution.” Examples abound – Cane Toad in Australia (longer vs. shorter legs), insects becoming resistant to DDT, or bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.
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Polling Time! Natural selection acts on the variation in populations of living things, usually through a specific trait. Which statement must be true about that trait? All forms of the trait have the same impact on survival. The trait is passed on genetically to the next generation. The trait is resistant to mutations. The trait is the same for all organisms.
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Polling Time! Natural selection acts on the variation in populations of living things, usually through a specific trait. Which statement must be true about that trait? All forms of the trait have the same impact on survival. The trait is passed on genetically to the next generation. The trait is resistant to mutations. The trait is the same for all organisms.
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Natural Selection Process by which organisms with favorable traits will survive and reproduce A.) A population of parakeets that have the same size beak B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are all eating the same food C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the same adaptation for saving water. D.) A population of salmon with different skin colors that are involved in attracting mates Which best describes natural selection?
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Selection Process by which organisms with favorable traits will survive and reproduce A.) A population of parakeets that have the same size beak B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are all eating the same food C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the same adaptation for saving water. D.) A population of salmon with different skin colors that are involved in attracting mates Which best describes natural selection?
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Dichotomous Keys
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Let’s Get Organized!
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C = Deerus octagis B = Deerus pestis A = Deerus magnus D = Derrus purplinis E =Deerus deafus F = Deerus humpis
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C = Deerus octagis B = Deerus pestis A = Deerus magnus D = Derrus purplinis E =Deerus deafus F = Deerus humpis
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Genus Buggaboo Wings longer than body Thorax & abdomen striped
Red eyes Wings white White eyes Wings black Wings shorter than body Thorax striped & abdomen black.
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Genus Buggaboo 1 2 3 4 Wings longer than body Thorax & abdomen striped
Red eyes Wings white White eyes Wings black Wings shorter than body Thorax striped & abdomen black.
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1 2 3 4 Genus Buggaboo Thorax striped & abdomen black.
Thorax & abdomen striped 2 Wings longer than body Wings shorter than body 3 Red eyes White eyes 4 Wings white Wings black
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1 2 3 4 Genus Buggaboo Thorax striped & abdomen black. Go to #4
Thorax & abdomen striped Go to #2 2 Wings longer than body Bug B Wings shorter than body Go to #3 3 Red Eyes Bug AA White Eyes Bug ZZZZ 4 Wings white Bug Heee Wings black Bug Umm
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Classification Taxonomy: science of classification Phylogeny:
Grouping based on similarities Reveals shared evolutionary history between organisms (phylogenetic groups) Phylogeny: evolutionary history
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Shared Classification
Hoover Time!
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Taxonomy Can you explain this?
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Modern Classification
Today, organisms are classified based on many fundamental characteristics … Cell Type: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic How get/obtain food? DNA profile Helps with understanding phylogenetic relationships between organisms
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Cladogram The following diagram is found
in an evolutionary biology textbook. new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction. all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between. all species originated during the same period and some have subsequently gone extinct.
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Cladogram The following diagram is found
in an evolutionary biology textbook. new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction. all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between. all species originated during the same period and some have subsequently gone extinct.
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Interpretation of Cladograms
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Who is the Common Ancestor?
Most Closely Related Most Distantly Related Based on this diagram, identify the classification group to which all shown organisms belong. (Hint: Your answer will be one of the following: order, family, genus, or species.) b.) Which two organisms are the most closely related to one another? Explain your answer. c.) Which two organisms are the most distantly related to one another? Explain your answer.
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This is how we gather class attendance.
You MUST put the correct teacher in order to get the extra credit.
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Don’t Get Stuck… Get HELP!
Class Dismissed! Have a wonderful day! Don’t Get Stuck… Get HELP! Mrs. Khatri Ext. 3124 Kmail Mrs. Ulry Ext. 3026 Yahoo IM: ulry.eileen Kmail
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Answers C = Deerus octagis B = Deerus pestis A = Deerus magnus D = Derrus purplinis E =Deerus deafus F = Deerus humpis
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