1. Review for Final Exam Biology 202B 5/28/13 Materials Needed:
paper, pencil/pen and calculator
Ext. 3026
Ext. 3124

2. For Mrs. Ulry’s students
Work Schedule
For Mrs. Ulry’s students

3. Final Exam In Summary… 100 total points 20 questions
Multiple choice format
5 questions from each unit (1,2,3 &4)

4. Need to Know Topics Unit 1 Differences between RNA and DNA
Functions for RNA
Cell Location for: DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, protein synthesis
Processes for preserving genetic code
Polygenetic traits

5. Need to Know Topics Unit 2 Adaptation Genetic Drift Natural Selection
Dichotomous Keys
Phylogenetic Trees
(aka cladograms)

6. DNA
RNA
~BOTH~

7. Four nitrogenous bases
DNA
RNA
~BOTH~
Carries genetic Info
Found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Never moves out of the nucleus.
Four nitrogenous bases
Found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Carries genetic information.
Never moves out of the nucleus.
Four types of nitrogenous bases.
Involved in making proteins.
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine
Sugar
Phosphate
Protein synthesis

8. DNA or RNA?
Explain how you Know!
Pic D
Pic A
Pic C
Pic B

9. DNA or RNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Stores genetic code
Double Helix
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Part of the structure of the ribosome
Plays a role in protein production
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Single Strand
Copy of the genetic code (DNA)
Made through transcription
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Identifies which amino acid the mRNA is coding for and brings it over to the growing strand

10. Matching Review Structure Role
Assembled to make a protein or polypeptide
Has codons that act as the genetic "blueprints“ for building proteins
Uses an anticodon to determine the needed amino acid
Site of protein synthesis
Forms one of two subunits (either large or small)
rRNA
Ribosomes
tRNA
mRNA
Amino Acids

11. Matching Review Structure Role Amino Acids mRNA tRNA Ribosomes rRNA
Assembled to make a protein or polypeptide
mRNA
Has codons that act as the genetic "blueprints“ for building proteins
tRNA
Uses an anticodon to determine the needed amino acid
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
rRNA
Forms one of two subunits (either large or small)

12. ~ Word Bank: Amino Acids, Growing Protein, Nucleus, Ribosome, mRNA, tRNA

13. Nucleus
Amino Acids
Growing Protein
tRNA
mRNA
Ribosome

14. Polygenetic Traits
Several genes contribute an equal, small degree towards the resulting phenotype
Examples: skin color (3 or more genes)
Height
Hair Color
Eye Color

15. C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring.
Which characteristic is most important for preserving the code from one generation to the next?
Offspring only receive one exact copy of a DNA molecule from each parent
Each time DNA replicated, the same base pairing rules are followed
C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring.
D. DNA remains in the nucleus for replication
Children inherit DNA from their parents. Which characteristic of DNA replication is most important in preserving the genetic code from one generation to the next?
When DNA replicates, it always remains in the nucleus, so the risk of mutation remains low.
Only one DNA molecule from each parent replicates, so only two exact copies are passed on to the children.
Both parents’ DNA have identical backbones, so the children's DNA will always be identical to the parents’.
DNA follows base-pairing rules, so it forms an exact copy of itself every time it replicates.

16. C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring.
Which characteristic is most important for preserving the code from one generation to the next?
Offspring only receive one exact copy of a DNA molecule from each parent
Each time DNA replicated, the same base pairing rules are followed
C. DNA backbones are the same for parents and offspring.
D. DNA remains in the nucleus for replication
Children inherit DNA from their parents. Which characteristic of DNA replication is most important in preserving the genetic code from one generation to the next?
When DNA replicates, it always remains in the nucleus, so the risk of mutation remains low.
Only one DNA molecule from each parent replicates, so only two exact copies are passed on to the children.
Both parents’ DNA have identical backbones, so the children's DNA will always be identical to the parents’.
DNA follows base-pairing rules, so it forms an exact copy of itself every time it replicates.

17. Evolution of Populations
Gene pool: all the genes from a specific population of organisms
Includes all the different alleles for each type of gene
Ratios of alleles can change over time and influence the population …
If the white-white combination causes death, then the new ratio would be 75% black and 25% white allele…
Gene Pool in this example has 60% black allele and 40% white allele

18. Genetic Drift Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency that usually leads to a loss of genetic variation.

19. Natural Selection
The process of some factor in the environment favoring one group of individuals with one kind of allele over another group of individuals with a different kind of allele.

20. What is an Adaptation? Differences! Variety…
Wings longer than body
Thorax & abdomen striped
Red eyes
Wings white
White eyes
Wings black
Wings shorter than body
Thorax striped & abdomen black.
Variety…

21. Natural Selection explains Evolution
Natural selection leads to a change in allele frequencies. When an environment changes, the organisms must change too. The alleles that are favored are passed onto future generations.
Over time, we see these alleles cause changes and adaptations in whole populations of organisms.
This process of change in organisms’ genetics or allele frequency = evolution.

22. Process of Evolution Organisms that are “fit”, survive, and reproduce
“fit” in that their specific adaptations fit the environment in which they are living best (or better than others in their species), therefore –
they survive, and
reproduce and propagate the species.
There is no disagreement on this point of evolution (i.e. natural selection), sometimes referred to as “micro-evolution.”
Examples abound – Cane Toad in Australia (longer vs. shorter legs), insects becoming resistant to DDT, or bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.

23. Polling Time!
Natural selection acts on the variation in populations of living things, usually through a specific trait. Which statement must be true about that trait?
All forms of the trait have the same impact on survival.
The trait is passed on genetically to the next generation.
The trait is resistant to mutations.
The trait is the same for all organisms.

24. Polling Time!
Natural selection acts on the variation in populations of living things, usually through a specific trait. Which statement must be true about that trait?
All forms of the trait have the same impact on survival.
The trait is passed on genetically to the next generation.
The trait is resistant to mutations.
The trait is the same for all organisms.

25. Natural Selection
Process by which organisms with favorable traits will survive and reproduce
A.) A population of parakeets that have the same size beak
B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are all eating the same food
C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the same adaptation for saving water.
D.) A population of salmon with different skin colors that are involved in attracting mates
Which best describes natural selection?

26. Selection
Process by which organisms with favorable traits will survive and reproduce
A.) A population of parakeets that have the same size beak
B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are all eating the same food
C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the same adaptation for saving water.
D.) A population of salmon with different skin colors that are involved in attracting mates
Which best describes natural selection?

27. Dichotomous Keys

28. Let’s Get Organized!

29. C = Deerus octagis
B = Deerus pestis
A = Deerus magnus
D = Derrus purplinis
E =Deerus deafus
F = Deerus humpis

30. C = Deerus octagis
B = Deerus pestis
A = Deerus magnus
D = Derrus purplinis
E =Deerus deafus
F = Deerus humpis

31. Genus Buggaboo Wings longer than body Thorax & abdomen striped
Red eyes
Wings white
White eyes
Wings black
Wings shorter than body
Thorax striped & abdomen black.

32. Genus Buggaboo 1 2 3 4 Wings longer than body Thorax & abdomen striped
Red eyes
Wings white
White eyes
Wings black
Wings shorter than body
Thorax striped & abdomen black.

33. 1 2 3 4 Genus Buggaboo Thorax striped & abdomen black. 
Thorax & abdomen striped 2
Wings longer than body
Wings shorter than body 3
Red eyes
White eyes 4
Wings white
Wings black

34. 1 2 3 4 Genus Buggaboo Thorax striped & abdomen black. Go to #4
Thorax & abdomen striped
Go to #2 2
Wings longer than body
Bug B
Wings shorter than body
Go to #3 3
Red Eyes
Bug AA
White Eyes
Bug ZZZZ 4
Wings white
Bug Heee
Wings black
Bug Umm

35. Classification Taxonomy: science of classification Phylogeny:
Grouping based on similarities
Reveals shared evolutionary history between organisms (phylogenetic groups)
Phylogeny:
evolutionary
history

36. Shared Classification
Hoover Time!

37. Taxonomy
Can you explain this?

38. Modern Classification
Today, organisms are classified based on many fundamental characteristics …
Cell Type: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
How get/obtain food?
DNA profile
Helps with understanding phylogenetic relationships between organisms

39. Cladogram The following diagram is found
in an evolutionary biology textbook.
new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction.
 all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time.
 speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between.
 all species originated during the same period and some have subsequently gone extinct.

40. Cladogram The following diagram is found
in an evolutionary biology textbook.
new species arise throughout time following rounds of mass extinction.
 all species share a common ancestor and that change occurs through time.
 speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of no change in between.
 all species originated during the same period and some have subsequently gone extinct.

41. Interpretation of Cladograms

42. Who is the Common Ancestor?
Most Closely Related
Most Distantly Related
Based on this diagram, identify the classification group to which all shown organisms belong. (Hint: Your answer will be one of the following: order, family, genus, or species.)
b.) Which two organisms are the most closely related to one another? Explain your answer.
c.) Which two organisms are the most distantly related to one another? Explain your answer.

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Mrs. Khatri
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45. Answers
C = Deerus octagis
B = Deerus pestis
A = Deerus magnus
D = Derrus purplinis
E =Deerus deafus
F = Deerus humpis