1. Aim: How does the nucleus control the activities of the cell?
There are two main functions of the nucleus:
1. Contains the codes  protein
2. Cell division

2. HW # 11
Read pages
Page 314 Thinking Visually
Complete the Flowchart

3. Protein synthesis starts from the messages in the nucleus
There are 46
Chromosomes in every human cell

4. Proteins make up 15% of body mass
Muscle
Cartilage
Ligaments
Skin
Hair
Haemoglobin
Hormones (insulin)
Antibodies
enzymes
Proteins make up about 15% of the mass of the average person. Protein molecules are essential to us in an enormous variety of different ways. Much of the fabric of our body is constructed from protein molecules. Muscle, cartilage, ligaments, skin and hair - these are all mainly protein materials.
In addition to these large scale structures that hold us together, smaller protein molecules play a vital role in keeping our body working properly. Haemoglobin, hormones (such as insulin, shown in Figure 2), antibodies , and enzymes are all examples of these less obvious proteins.

5. Proteins are made from…
Most proteins are made from more than 100 amino acids.

6. 20 amino acids
Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Cysteine Glutamic Acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine
There are twenty amino acids required for human life to exist. Adults have eight essential amino acids that they cannot synthesize. The other twelve can be produced within our bodies. There are some other amino acids found in nature (and some very small amounts in us), but these twenty are the biggies to our species and labeled the standard amino acids.
Arginine

7. Proteins are made when…
Aim: How does DNA direct the synthesis of protein?
Proteins are made when…
..a special protein zips open a section of the DNA strands in the nucleus
Notice that DNA is double stranded. DNA stays in the nucleus.

8. Free RNA bases link up with the exposed DNA bases on one strand only, thus forming a strand of messenger RNA 
Messenger RNA is made and it moves out of the nucleus

9. Transfer RNA is found in the cytoplasm of the cell

10. The newly made messenger RNA peels off and moves away to the ribosomes

11. A transfer RNA picks up an amino acid and brings it to the ribosome
Amino acids come from the foods we eat. The proteins are digested in the digestive system and the amino acids get into the cells and float freely.
A transfer RNA picks up an amino acid and brings it to the ribosome

12. As the ribosome sweeps across the messenger RNA, a chain of amino acids is linked together

13. As it is being formed, the protein chain begins to fold into the shape needed to function properly. Then the chain which is the protein is released by the ribosome

14. Work in your group to describe what is happening in pictures A, B, C, D, E and F

15. D E F

16. How does the shape of this protein carry out the function?
protein fibrin assembles into a tough network that clots the blood and forms an insoluble blockage.
How does the shape of this protein carry out the function?

17. Your Most Plentiful Protein Collagen
major structural protein
Collagen is a major structural protein, forming molecular cables that strengthen the tendons and vast, resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. But, in spite of its critical function in the body, collagen is a relatively simple protein.

18. Catalase -antioxidant enzyme (protein)
Inside our cells, electrons are continually shuttled from site to site by carrier molecules, such as carriers derived from riboflavin and niacin. If oxygen runs into one of these carrier molecules, the electron may be accidentally transferred to it. This converts oxygen into dangerous compounds such as super-oxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Catalase saves the day by converting hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas

19. Summary
Write a sentence on the relationship of structure (shape) and function (what it does) of molecules and cell organelles.
Timed activity.