1. End of Reconstruction

2. Objectives
Explain why support for Reconstruction declined.
Describe how African Americans in the South lost many newly gained rights.
Describe the sharecropping system and how it trapped many in a cycle of poverty.
Identify the signs that the South began to develop a strong economy by the 1880s.

3. Terms and People
poll tax – a personal tax to be paid before voting
literacy test – a test to see if a person can read and write
grandfather clause – a provision that allowed a voter to avoid a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867

4. Terms and People (continued)
Homer Plessy – an African American man arrested for sitting in a coach marked “for whites only”
sharecropper – a laborer who works the land for the farmer who owns it in exchange for a share of the value of the crop
segregation – enforced separation of races

5. What were the effects of Reconstruction?
The reforms of the Reconstruction era did not last.
By the end of the era, African Americans were subjected to new hardships and injustices.

6. After the Civil War, many northerners lost faith in the Republicans for these reasons:
President Grant’s administration included corrupt, poorly chosen individuals.
Americans began to forget the war and focused on bettering their own lives.

7. Reconstruction was the central issue in the presidential election of 1876.
Republican Rutherford B. Hayes wanted to continue Reconstruction.
Democrat Samuel J. Tilden wanted to end Reconstruction.

8. The election was close. It came down to 20 disputed electoral votes.

9. Congress appointed a 15-person commission, mostly Republicans, to settle the election results.
The commission decided to give Hayes, the Republican, all 20 electoral votes.
In return, Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction.

10. Southern whites passed laws to keep African Americans from voting.
With Reconstruction over, African Americans began to lose their rights in the South.
Southern whites passed laws to keep African Americans from voting.
One law required voters to pay a poll tax. This kept many poor freedmen from voting.
Another law required voters to pass a literacy test. It included a grandfather clause that allowed illiterate whites to vote.

11. Southern states also created laws requiring segregation, known as Jim Crow laws.
White
Black
Hospitals
Cemeteries
Playgrounds
Restaurants
Schools
Streetcars
Hospitals
Cemeteries
Playgrounds
Restaurants
Schools
Streetcars

12. In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld segregation laws.
The Court ruled that a law could require “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites.
Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a coach marked “for whites only.”
This rule remained in effect until the 1950s.

13. Many poor African Americans were forced to become sharecroppers because of their poor treatment in the South.

14. Most sharecroppers owed more than they earned.
Sharecropping only continued the cycle of poverty.
Landowners gave land, seed, and tools in exchange for a share of the crop. The tenant bought other supplies on credit.
Landowners sold the crop. The tenant got a share, minus what he owed for supplies.
Most sharecroppers owed more than they earned.

15. Sharecropping was common in the South.

16. The cotton, tobacco, and textile industries thrived.
While African Americans struggled, the rest of the South’s economy began to gradually recover.
The cotton, tobacco, and textile industries thrived.
Factories developed iron, timber, and oil.
Southern leaders spoke of a “New South” that would no longer depend only on cotton.

17. Reconstruction had many successes but also some failures.
The southern economy began to recover. The morale of white southerners also began to improve.
African Americans were finally citizens, but they were far from enjoying full equality.
Laws passed during this time became the basis of the civil rights movement 100 years later.