1. Attempts at Reforms Widening gap between the rich and poor Latifundias
Small farmers sell out – become homeless and jobless
Discontent among the poor and slaves

2. Reforms, cont. Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus Gaius Marius Sulla
Land reform
Gaius Gracchus
Public funds and grain
Gaius Marius
Any citizen could join army
Served for pay, loot, public land
Result: armies became loyal to their leaders
Sulla
Expelled Marius, civil war
Executed thousands of citizens
Ruled as a dictator

3. Julius Caesar
Nephew of Marius, despised Sulla, and loved by the poor citizens of Rome
Elected Consul
First Triumvirate
Governor of Gaul
Commentaries (Veni,Vidi, Vici)

4. Pompey becomes Caesar’s rival, sole Consul
Crassus died
Pompey becomes Caesar’s rival, sole Consul
Senate orders Caesar home
Crossing the Rubicon
Pompey fled
Conquest of Egypt, Cleopatra
Return to Rome, dictator
Extent of Roman territory ca. 40bce
Cleopatra

5. Government under Caesar:
Republic form of government, acted as king
Citizenship to many people
Land to veterans, grain to poor
Senate as advisory council, increased membership
Solar based calendar
11 conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius stabbed Caesar to death on the Ides of March

6. The Second Triumvirate
Civil war between conspirators and Caesar’s allies
Drove out conspirators, took control of Rome
Ruled for 10 years
Rivals, Octavian and Marc Antony
Octavian in the west
Marc Antony in the East
Reconquered Syria, Asia Minor
Cleopatra

7. War between Octavian and Marc Antony, Cleopatra
Defeat at the Battle of Actium
Suicide of Marc Antony and Cleopatra
Octavian:
Unchallenged ruler of Rome
Accepted the title of Augustus
Rome was now an empire, ruled by one man

8. Pax Romana (Roman Peace), 27bce-180ce
A period of peace, stability, and unity
3 million square miles in size, million inhabitants
The emperor appointed officials to run the government

9. Used a common form of currency, denarius, which facilitated trade
Vast trading network was protected by the Roman navy
cities grew wealthy
traded with India and China

10. “All roads lead to Rome . . .”
Military
Connections
Exchange
Provinces
Spain, France, England, Germany, Greece, Egypt
provided men for the army
spread Roman customs

11. The Emperors The Good Emperors Nerva – heirs to throne Augustus
Trajan – height of empire
Hadrian – reogranized bureacracy
Antoninus Pius – peace & prosperity
Marcus Aurelius
Augustus
27bce-14ce
Frontiers
Public works
Civil service
The Bad Emperors
Caligula – mentally unstable
Nero – persecuted Christians
Domitian - paranoid

12. Life in Rome Paterfamilias Women Children Education
Controlled property
Authority over family members
Women
Household
Property
Jobs
Children
Sons
Daughters
Education
Boys and school
Girls

13. Slavery Religion Wealthy City of Rome POWs Property Manual labor
Gladiators
Religion
Based on Greek gods
Emperor worship
Wealthy
Homes
Luxuries
Banquets
City of Rome
Unemployment
Colosseum – Bread and circuses