1. Similarities and Implications of War Policy Development
What is democracy?
Habermas stresses the need for
adequate opportunity for people to speak
adequate opportunity to challenge the rules
adequate opportunity to acquire the skills of discourse
adequate opportunity to be free of violence and other forms of coercion

2. War policy vs Democracy
the superiority of efficiency to democracy
War policy
Distorted information
No Checks and balances
No change with Public opinion
Critical Theory
Elitism
Mayor
Mayor

3. Undemocratic process of two wars (Distorted information)
Quality of Intelligence used to justify military action
White House and intelligence community distorted some information and concealed the truth (Ellsberg)
Bush administration did not find any evidence of the weapons of mass destruction in Iraq

4. Undemocratic process of two wars (No checks and balances)
Congressional decisions to authorize the use of military
Congress just approved the President’s war initiative
- the escalation of bombing in North Vietnam in the Johnson presidency
- Nixon’s decision to heavily bomb Vietnam and invade Cambodia
- the invasions of Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2002) in war on terror

5. Undemocratic process of two wars (No change with public opinion)
Criticisms that were subsequently voiced
strong demonstrations within U.S. territory during the Vietnam War
several oppositions of international society during the Iraq War

6. Implication with democracy theories
Elitism: power elite (military industry complex) influenced the war
Vietnam: government did not offer the official announcement for the war
Iraq: intelligence agencies provided large distorted information about weapons of mass destruction and terrorists
Critical Theory
U.S. government did not accept the adequate discourse and get inter-subjectivity by the communication with a variety of social groups
Pluralism
U.S. government did not reflect by anti-war social groups

7. Implications for national-security policymaking
Power elite collusion for war politicians to want re-election, or business leaders of weapon industry or oil industry to make profit

8. Implications for national-security policymaking
democracy of the U.S in at least war policy is just democracy for a small group and by a small group without adequate discourse and inter-subjectivity

9. Implications for national-security policymaking
U.S. government has tried to force other countries to follow the American democracy and capitalism through war policy