1. Warm-Up
(Ch. 41) List the locations where each of the 4 macromolecules are chemically digested.
(Ch. 41) Where do vertebrates store excess calories?
(Ch. 42) Draw and label the structure of a human heart.
(Ch. 42) List the pathway of a single red blood cell through the heart.

2. Circulation
Chapter 42 – Part I

3. What you need to know:
Circulatory vessels, heart chambers, route of mammalian circulation
Evolution of the heart from 24 chambers
How RBC’s demonstrate structure/function
Blood pressure
Cardiovascular disease (Roles of diet, BP, genetics)

4. Concept 42.1: Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
In small and/or thin animals, In most animals, transport systems connect the organs of exchange with the body cells
Most complex animals have internal transport systems that circulate fluid

5. Transport systems (circulation) linked with gas exchange (respiration)
Diffusion of gases only rapid across small distances
Basic:
Cells in direct contact with environment
Ex. sponges
Gastrovascular Cavity:
For digestion & distribute substances
Ex. jellies, flatworms
Circulatory System:
Moves fluid to tissues & cells for exchange
Ex. larger animals

6. Circulatory System = Blood + Vessels + Heart
Open circulatory system: blood bathes organs directly
Blood + lymph = hemolymph
Heart pumps hemolymph into sinuses
Ex. arthropods, mollusks
Closed circulatory system: blood contained in vessels & pumped around body
Blood and fluid separate
Ex. annelids, cephalopods, vertebrates

7. BLOOD VESSELS

8. Valve Basal lamina Endothelium Endothelium Smooth Smooth muscle muscle
Figure 42.10a
Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Capillary
Connective
tissue
Artery
Vein
Figure The structure of blood vessels.
Arteriole
Venule

9. Types of Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins arterioles venules
Blood away from heart
High pressure
Thick, strong walls
Pulse
Capillaries
Connect arteries/veins
Single-cell thick walls
Exchange of O2/CO2
Veins
Blood back to heart
Low pressure
Thin-walled, large diameter
Valves prevent backflow

10. Blood enters through an atrium and is pumped out through a ventricle
Fish = single circulation pathway, 2 chambers
Double circulation: amphibians, reptiles, mammals
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Double circulation pathways in vertebrates

12. Pathway of blood through heart

13. Superior vena cava Capillaries of head and forelimbs Pulmonary
Figure 42.6
Superior vena cava
Capillaries of
head and forelimbs
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of right lung
Aorta
Capillaries
of left lung
Pulmonary
vein
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Figure 42.6 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview.
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs

14. Cardiac cycle Systole: contraction or pumping phase
Diastole: relaxation or filling phase
Heart rate: # beats/minute (72 bpm resting)
Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped by L. ventricle during contraction (~70 ml)

15. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
Figure
Atrial systole and ventricular
diastole 2
Atrial and
ventricular diastole 1
0.1
sec
Figure 42.8 The cardiac cycle.
0.3 sec
0.4
sec
Ventricular systole and atrial
diastole 3

16. Valves: prevent backflow of blood
The atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid, bicuspid) separate each atrium and ventricle
The semilunar valves control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery
“Lub-dup” sound = blood against closed AV valves (lub) / the semilunar (dup) valves
Heart murmur: backflow of blood through a defective valve
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Heart Sound Link http://www.med.ucla.edu/wilkes/intro.html
Normal Sounds
Murmurs
Wheezing
Crackles

18. The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker
The pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker
The parasympathetic division slows down the pacemaker
The pacemaker is also regulated by hormones (epinephrine) and temperature
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Blood Pressure BP = systolic/diastolic pressure
Systolic: heart contracts
Diastolic: heart relaxed
Normal: 120/70
Pulse: rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Using a Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure reading: 120/70 1 2 3
120
120 70
Figure Measurement of blood pressure.
Artery
closed
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Sounds
stop

21. Blood returning to heart through veins and venules
Figure 42.13
Direction of blood flow
in vein (toward heart)
Valve (open)
Blood returning to heart through veins and venules
Skeletal muscle
Figure Blood flow in veins.
Valve (closed)

22. VEINS

23. VEINS
FUNCTION – AFTER BLOOD MOVES THROUGH THE ARTERIES IT ENTERS BLOOD VESSELS CALLED VEINS, WHICH CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART.
CHARACTERISTICS
THINNER WALLS WITH LESS MUSCLE
HAVE VALVES
CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD (1 EXCEPTION)
EXAMPLES – VENA CAVA, JUGULAR,
LOCATION – NEAR MUSCLES

24. Vein Valves
Allows flow of blood in only ONE DIRECTION

25. VEINS

26. SPIDER VEINS

27. RETICULAR VEINS

28. VERICOSE VEINS

29. VERICOSE VEINS

30. Lymphatic System: returns lost fluid and proteins to blood as lymph
Lymph Nodes: filter lymph, house WBC’s
Immune system role
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Blood
Plasma (55%) – water, ions, proteins, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
Cells (45%) – RBC, WBC, platelets
Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
Red blood cells (erythrocytes): O2 transport via hemoglobin
White blood cells (leukocytes): fight infection
Platelets (cell fragments): blood clotting

33. Figure 42.17 The composition of mammalian blood.
Plasma 55%
Cellular elements 45%
Constituent
Major functions
Cell type
Number per L
(mm3) of blood
Functions
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
5,000–10,000
Defense and
immunity
Ions (blood
electrolytes)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering,
and regulation
of membrane
permeablity
Separated
blood
elements
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Eosinophils
Plasma proteins
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Albumin
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Platelets
250,000–400,000
Blood
clotting
Fibrinogen
Figure The composition of mammalian blood.
Clotting
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Defense
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
5–6 million
Transport
of O2 and
some CO2
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients
Waste products
Respiratory gases
Hormones

34.  Collagen fibers Platelet plug Fibrin clot Platelet Red blood cell
Figure 42.18 1 2 3
Collagen fibers
Platelet
plug
Fibrin
clot
Platelet
Red blood cell
5 m
Clotting factors from:
Fibrin clot formation
Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)
Figure Blood clotting.
Enzymatic cascade 
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin

35. Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque deposits within arteries
Heart attack (myocardial infarction): blockage of one or more coronary arteries
Stroke: rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
Hypertension: high blood pressure; promotes atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Atherosclerosis

37. Lumen of artery Plaque Endothelium Smooth muscle 1 2 Smooth muscle
Figure 42.20
Lumen of artery
Plaque
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle 1 2
Smooth
muscle
cell
LDL
Foam cell
Extra-
cellular
matrix
Macrophage
T lymphocyte
Plaque rupture 3 4
Figure Atherosclerosis.
Fibrous cap
Cholesterol