1. Chapter 12
Reform Spreads

2. Spread
The Protestant Reformation was not confined to the land of Germany or to Luther.

3. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Born in Wildhaus, Switzerland.
Studied under leading renaissance scholars in Basel and Vienna, he earned an M.A. in 1506 and began the study of theology. He was ordained a priest in 1506.
He became the parish priest of a country church at Glarus ( ). He studied Hebrew and Greek. He also acted as chaplain for Swiss mercenary armies in Italy (Milan).
In 1516 he became the priest of Einsiedeln where the famous “Black Virgin” attracted floods of pilgrims. Visited Erasmus in 1516.

4. Moving Toward Reformation
He was a great admirer of Erasmus and was overjoyed with the appearance of the printed Greek text. Read the patristic literature, especially Chrysostom.
During his stay in Einsiedeln, he began to question (though not oppose) the sale of indulgences and questioned the value of pilgrimages.
January 1, 1519 he was elected to the main pulpit in Zurich (population 6,000 with 200 clergy and monks).

5. Zurich Reformation
Zwingli began preaching from the Greek text out of Matthew.
Zwingli endeared himself to the Zurich church by ministering to them during the plague of 1519 (in which Zwingli’s own brother died) and he almost died himself.
In 1522 Zwingli preached that it was permissible to eat all foods at all times. On Ash Wednesday, he watched some of his members eat two fried sausages. Some were imprisoned. Zwingli defended them from his pulpit and published Concerning Freedom and the Choice of Food

6. Nature of Zwingli’s Reformation
He opposed the use of icons and stripped churches in Zurich of their religious art.
He opposed the use of instrumental music and the organ was silenced in 1524 and destroyed in 1527.
The Reformed principle was to include in the worship only that which was clearly authorized in the New Testament.
He opposed the Catholic Mass and simplified the liturgy. Preaching became the primary focus of liturgy.

7. JOHN CALVIN: Calvinism
French
Controlled Swiss city of Geneva
Doctrine
Stressed overwhelming power of God and insignificance of man
Predestination
God is all-knowing
He therefore knows everything we will do in our life before we do it
Knew from the beginning of time whether an individual would be saved or not
No human being deserves salvation
God, for unknown reasons, has decided it save some. They will be notified.
People must behave in certain way to show gratitude for salvation

8. MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CALVIN AND LUTHER WAS PREDESTINATION
CALVINISTS
Followers
Puritans in England
Presbyterians in Scotland
MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CALVIN AND LUTHER WAS PREDESTINATION
Calvin believed that God had determined in advance those that would go to Heaven.

9. Calvin’s Beliefs
Wanted to restore purity of Christianity before corrupted by Roman Catholicism
Saw God as creator, preserver, governor of universe
Creation, Fall, Redemption as the story of Scripture.
God worked out one consistent scheme of redemption through a covenant of grace.

10. Anabaptists Covenant Significance To live separate from the world
To teach the Gospel faithfully
To hold steadfastly to the truth
Significance
Formed church after NT model
Affirmed absolute lordship of Jesus
Affirmed church based on voluntary commitment
Refuted popular doctrine of infant baptism
Rejected role of magistrate in religion

11. Anabaptists Pattern of preaching/evangelism Proclamation Response
Baptism
Observance of Lord’s Supper
Witnessing by new converts

12. Reformation in England
Mostly between Henry VIII and the Church of England
Motivated by personal and political reasons
Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn
Pope refused
Pulled England out of Catholic Church in 1534 and created Church of England
Kept most traditional Catholic practices and doctrines
Only difference was that Church answered to king, not pope
Opened way for gradual “Protestantization” of England

13. Background John Knox born between 1505-1515
Passed away in 1572 after suffering from a stroke
John Knox was a Scottish reformer that helped found the Presbyterian faith

14. Knox was a Catholic minister as late as 1543
In 1545, Knox started to profess the Protestant faith

15. Early Career
St. Andrew’s Castle was a place where Scottish Protestants flocked to
Knox went here in 1546
In July 1547, St. Andrew’s was surrounded by Pro-Catholic French forces

16.  St. Andrew’s Castle

17. St. Andrew’s Cathedral

18. After Knox was captured, he was forced to row in the French galleys
A Galley is any ship propelled by man-power
Knox was worked as a slave here for 18-months

19. Galley

20. John Knox spent the next ten years of his life in exile
From he lived in England
Knox was forced out of England in 1555 by “Bloody” Mary Tudor
Also spent time in Geneva with John Calvin

21. Mary I, or Mary
Tudor (during her
5-year reign 283
Protestants were
burnt at the stake)

22. Netherlands and France
In France they had Huguenots (French Protestant.)
The Netherland Protestants were lead by William the Orange (Also called William the Silent.)

23. Next slides are a VERY brief summary

24. Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Theocracy
A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
John Calvin in Switzerland
Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation.
John Knox in Scotland
Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

25. In England, the Reformation began with the King!
King Henry VIII
The king who had six wives…
He wants a SON!
Lines provided in notes to write down story of King Henry VIII.
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

27. The Reformation Parliament
Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope.
Act of Supremacy
Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

28. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII
His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (dies).
Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”
Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor)
Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen.