1. Science 9 Year End Review

2. Biological Diversity
How do organisms differ between species and within the same species? How does this diversity help the species to survive?
Niches
Resource partitioning
Interspecies competition
Symbiotic relationships
Importance of variability
Fewer species in harsher climates vs. more in temperate or tropical environments

3. Biological Diversity
How do organisms reproduce and how are the characteristics of the species passed on?
Types of asexual reproduction
Advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction
Organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually (yeast, plants)
Natural selection

4. Biodiversity Reproductive parts of a flower The formation of a zygote
Mitosis vs. meiosis
Heritable vs. non-heritable traits
Discrete vs. continuous variation
Dominant, recessive, incomplete dominance

5. Biodiversity
What are the materials responsible for variation (genetics)?
Relationship between DNA, chromosomes, genes and alleles

6. Biodiversity
What do humans do to impact species survival and variability of species?
Factors that result in extirpation and extinction of species (overhunting, poaching, introduction of non-native species, destruction of habitats)
Strategies to minimize loss of species diversity (zoos, seed banks, protected areas, laws)

7. Biodiversity In-situ vs ex-situ strategies
Types of biotechnology (in vitro, artificial insemination, genetic engineering, cloning)
Artificial vs. Natural selection (high milk production vs. evolution of beak shapes

8. Matter and Chemical Change
How do we describe substances based on their physical and chemical properties?
WHMIS symbols
Physical and chemical properties
Classification of matter
Chemical vs. physical change

9. Chemistry What are some commonalities of chemical reactions?
Combustion, corrosion and cellular respiration (all require oxygen as a reactant and are exothermic)
2Fe + O2  2FeO (corrosion reaction)
Identify conditions that affect reaction rate

10. Chemistry Identify products and reactants in a reaction
Conservation of matter
Identify examples of endothermic and exothermic (exo temp. goes up; endo temp. goes down) or
if energy is a reactant (endo) energy is a product (exo)

11. Chemistry
Describe some ideas used in interpreting the chemical nature of matter.
Patterns in the chemical and physical properties of elements related to position on the periodic table (alkali metal, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases)
Family/group vs. period

12. Chemistry
Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Chadwick, Nagaoka, Bohr, Quantum theory
Protons, neutrons and electrons
Know how many elements and atoms are in a given compound:
H2SO4
Distinguish between ionic and molecular compounds

13. Chemistry
Apply simplified chemical naming in describing elements, compounds, and chemical reactions
Ionic compounds vs. molecular compounds
Identify the number of atoms in a compound
Convert word equations to chemical equations

14. Space Exploration Geo vs. heliocentric model
Investigate and describe ways that human understanding of Earth and space has depended on evolution of theories and advancement of technology
Geo vs. heliocentric model
Use of triangulation to estimate distances (parallax effect)

15. Space Exploration
Use of angular co-ordinates (i.e. azimuth and altitude) to detect position of objects in space
Instruments used to measure azimuth and altitude
Zenith (directly above you)

16. Space Space probes Determining a star’s composition using spectroscopy
Determining a star’s relative motion (Doppler effect) also using spectroscopy  blue and red shifts

17. Space Describe science of telescopes
Optical telescopes (reflecting vs. refracting)
interferometry
Hubble space telescope and the advantage to land based telescopes
Radio vs. optical
Canadian contributions
Canadarm 2 (ISS)

18. Space Principle of rocketry
Satellites (communication- Anik 1; observation; remote sensing, GPS)
Geosynchronous (weather); Low Earth (remote sensing)
Geosynchronous allows consistent monitoring of an area
Spin offs

19. Space Describe technologies developed for life in space
Challenges of space travel
The functions of life support aboard shuttles
- Recycling water (waste water, produce oxygen)
- removing CO2, filtering microorganisms, maintaining air pressure, humidity

20. Space Be familiar with various matter in space
How the solar system came to be: protoplanet model
meteors, galaxies, solar system, planets (relative sizes)
General stages of a star’s life cycle (nebulae, main sequence)

21. Space Issues related to space exploration
- necessary to explore other planets for resources due to population explosion
- who owns space?
- shouldn’t disturb the space environment

22. Electrical Principles and Technologies
Interpret the use of devices to convert energy to electrical energy
Thermocouple, generator, batteries, hydro, biomass, wind, geothermal
Electricity transferred through power grids (voltage is “stepped up” to “stepped down”)
Components of wet cell (or dry cell)
St. Louis motor

23. Electricity
Describe technologies for transfer and control of electrical energy
Safe and unsafe activities
Distinguish between static and current electricity
Insulators vs. conductors (ex. how a polygraph works)

24. Electricity Factors that affect the resistance of a wire
Rheostat (variable resistor)
Load (ex light bulb or motor)
Identify voltage, current and resistance (Ohm’s Law --> V = I x R)
Analogies for electricity(ex. waterfall)
Trouble shoot circuit designs

25. Electricity Transistors used in microcircuits – acts as a switch
Parallel vs. series circuit (resistance will increase in a series circuit as you add more loads) – not so in a parallel
circuit

26. Electricity Identify and estimate energy input and outputs
Power is the rate of energy use (E/t)
P = I x V
E = P x t
- P in watts; t in seconds if E is joules
- P in kilowatts; t in hours if E in kWh

27. Electricity Calculate efficiency
It is the ratio of the useful energy output to the total energy input
Describe ways to increase efficiency of household devices

28. Electricity
Describe societal and environmental implications of electricity use
Alternative energy sources
By products of electricity generation (CO2, affecting water systems –thermal pollution)
Sustainability vs. conservation

29. Environmental Chemistry
Processes that are introduced into the environment
Natural process: nitrogen cycle (Nitrogen fixation), cellular respiration
Human activities: combustion of fossil fuels (produce CO2, CO, NOx, H2O), agricultural activities (fertilizers- phosphates, nitrates)

30. Environmental Chemistry
Pesticides (problems with them: non-selective, pesticide resistance, lasts in the environment)
Solid wastes –heavy metals(landfills)
-human sewage
Industrial processes (factories)

31. Environmental Chemistry
Identify the effects of acids and bases
Acids (dissolves in water, pH <7, good conductors), vinegar, HCl
bases (soluble in water, pH>7) ammonia, baking soda, cleaners

32. Environmental Chemistry
Neutralization reaction (produces salt and water as products)
Causes of acid rain (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide that come from factories and burning of fossil fuels (ex. car exhaust)
Neutralizing effects of acid rain

33. Environmental Chemistry
Identify common inorganic and organic compounds that are essential for living things
Macronutrients vs. micronutrients
Optimum amounts
Organic (contain the element _____, example fossil fuels, and _____)

34. Environmental Chemistry
Proteins made up of amino acids, and carbohydrates made up glucose
Describe the uptake of materials
Osmosis / diffusion vs. active transport
Hydrolysis
Enzymes (catalyst)

35. Environmental Chemistry
Monitoring of water quality
Clarity not the best indicator
Level of water quality dependent on use (drinking, irrigation, industrial)
Biological indicators (bacteria and aquatic invertebrates)
Chemicals indicators (phosphates, lead, mercury, acid)

36. Environmental Chemistry
Measuring chemicals using ppm
Factors that increase oxygen (temperature, turbulence, plants, # of organisms)

37. Environmental Chemistry
Factors that affect water quality
Phosphates/nitrates (algal bloom)
Bacteria (sewage)
Acids (spring acid shock)
Pesticides – DDT (biomagnification)
LD50
Heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni)

38. Environmental Chemistry
Monitoring air quality
Acid rain (CO2, SO2, NOx) –use of scrubbers to decrease emissions
Ground level ozone (VOC’s from gasoline)
Carbon monoxide
Enhanced greenhouse effect (global warming) -> due to higher CO2
Depletion of the ozone layer (increased exposure to UV radiation)

39. Environmental Chemistry
Describe the transport of materials through air, water, and soil
Permeable vs. non-permeable material
Percipitation (will deposit pollutant closer to its source)
Wind (increases dispersion or spreading of pollutant)

40. Environmental Chemistry
Describe how concentrations of chemicals can be changed
dispersion and dilution
Biodegradation (factors that increase rate)
Phytoremediation
Photolysis
Biomagnification
Leachate (permeability of landfill)

41. Environmental Chemistry
Identify safe transport, storage (acids and bases cannot be stored together), disposal of hazardous chemicals
MSDS (material safety data sheet)

42. And That’s It!!
Good luck tomorrow 