1. Latitude and Longitude

2. Latitude lines run east/west but they measure north or south of the equator (0°) splitting the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

3. Latitude North Pole South Pole90 80 [
Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° N.L. at the North Pole. 70 60 50 40 30 20 ]
Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° S.L. at the South Pole. 10 10 20 30
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A) 40 50 60 70 80 90

4. Latitude The North Pole is at 90° N The South Pole is at 90° S
40° N is the 40° line of latitude north of the equator. 40° S is the 40° line of latitude south of the equator.
The equator is at 0° latitude. It is neither north nor south. It is at the center between north and south.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

5. Longitude Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian.
60° E is the 60° line of longitude east of the Prime Meridian.
60° W is the
60° line of
longitude west
of the Prime
Meridian.
The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither east or west W E
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

6. Longitude
180° N
North Pole W E
West Longitude
East Longitude
PRIME MERIDIAN S
Lines of longitude are numbered east from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line and west from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

7. Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian (0°) and the 180° line split the earth into the Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. Prime Meridian
Western Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Places located east of the Prime Meridian have an east longitude (E) address. Places located west of the Prime Meridian have a west longitude (W) address.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

8. INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE 180°
SEPARATES 2 CALENDAR DAYS.
America to Asia – gain a day
Asia to America – lose a day
If you took a cruise on a ship, circumventing, or traveling around the entire planet, you would experience firsthand a phenomena that would help you understand the importance of an international dateline. An explorer by the name of Ferdinand Magellan did just that in the year Magellan along with 241 men set out to travel around the entire Earth. These men kept very careful records as they traveled. Yet, when they returned, they found that their calendars were off by one day with the calendars of everyone in their home countries. What happened? How did these men loose an entire day? The day was not lost all at once. It was lost little by little, as the traveled around the Earth. If you stay in one place, a day lasts 24 hours. However, if you travel the opposite direction of the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly longer than 24 hours, because you are traveling ahead of the setting sun. If you travel with the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly shorter than 24 hours, because you are traveling into the sunset.
At any one moment there are actually two days on the Earth at the same time. A new day begins at mid-night on the International Dateline. It travels around the Earth, until 48 hours later it ends back at the International dateline. If you were to travel across the International Dateline, the date would change either forward, or backward. This line actually lies in the middle of a time zone. This means that the hour on the clock would not change, as you crossed over, just the date.

9. By combining latitude and longitude, any location can be pinpointed

10. A location’s coordinates (____° N or S, ____ ° E or W)

11. Application N
W E S North America is in the Northern Hemisphere because it is north of the Equator. North America is in the Western Hemisphere because it is west of the Prime Meridian.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.3 (B), Posing and answering questions about geographic distributions and patterns
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

12. LONGITUDE AND TIME The world rotates (spins) 360° in 24 hours.
360° / 24 hours = 15° per hour
The world has 24 time zones, each l5° apart.
THERE IS A 1 HOUR TIME DIFFERENCE FOR EVERY 15° OF LONGITUDE

13. Greenwich, England is the logical starting point for time zones
The world rotates west to east (counterclockwise), time zones to the east are ahead of the those time zones to the west

14. Time is forward to all places to the east WEST LESS
ANOTHER CHEESY SAYING
EAST INCREASE
Time is forward to all places to the east
WEST LESS
Time is backward to all places to the west

15. East Increase – West Less (1 hr per l5°)
If it 9 p.m. at Position D, what time is it at position C? Position B?
If it is 1 p.m. at Position X, at which location is the time 5 p.m.

16. Earth rotates west to east Solar time is based on the position of the sun NIGHT IS FALLING ON EARTH
Look at the East Coast of the United States. The lights are already lit.
California the sun is still visible.

17. This pictures shows AMERICAN CITIES at night.

18. It’s still daylight in California
Saguenay
Sept-Iles
Thunder Bay
Toronto
St.John
Ottawa
It’s still daylight in California
Québec
Montréal
Those light are Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington.
Detroit
Dallas
Puerto Rico
Houston
Miami
Mexico City
Havana
Port-au-Prince

19. NIGHT IS FALLING ON EARTH.
Look at Paris and Barcelona, the lights are already lit, meanwhile in London, Lisbon and Madrid the sun is still visible.
Looking south, we can see the islands in the middle of the ocean.
We have a perfect view of the British Islands, Iceland and Canada.

20. Iceland
England
Atlantic
Ocean
France
Spain
Italy
AFRICA

21. Mapping the World
There are many types of maps that have been created over time to help geographers and people know where things in the world are.

22. Globes The best way to represent the earth is a globe.
It is the same shape as the earth so it gives a better picture. The only difference is the reduced scale.

23. Globe - Advantages
A globe is a true representation of 4 important properties:
Size (of land masses)
Shape (of land masses)
Distance (between land masses)
Direction

24. Globe - Disadvantage
Globes are small and can only give a general representation and details are lost.
You cannot see the entire globe at once.
Globes are not easily portable.

25. Maps
Maps are flat representations of a sphere. It is impossible to draw a map perfectly as a result.
This is called distortion and appears on all paper maps.
No matter what projection is used, something will always be wrong with at least one of the four important properties that globes represent accurately.

26. Size and shape are the most important and to represent them correctly, cartographers need to choose which is more important.
A cartographer is someone who makes maps.

27. A map that represents size correctly is called an equal area projection or equivalent map projection.
A map that represents the shape of areas correctly is called a conformal map projection.

28. Equal Area Projection
One that shows the relative size of places correctly in all areas of the map.
An equal area map will have disfigured shapes.

30. Conformal Map Projection
One that retains the proper shape of surface features, but, the size of landforms are distorted.
All conformal projections have meridians and parallels crossing each other at right angles.
The farther away from the equator that a landform is, the larger it appears on this type of map.

32. Mercator Projection
The most popular and one of the oldest projections.
Created by Gerardus Mercator in 1569.
The mercator projection solved the problem of flattening the globe into a paper map and keep lines of latitude and longitude accurate.

33. The Mercator map is conformal, meaning that shapes are accurate, with parallels and meridians meeting at right angles.
The size of the landforms are wrong. Antarctica and Greenland are much bigger than they really are.
The biggest problem with the Mercator projection is that is gives an incorrect picture as to relative sizes of land masses.

34. Goode Homolosine Projective
Created in 1923 by J. Paul Goode.
It is an equal area projection.
This means the sizes are correct, but the shapes are distorted.

35. Winkel-Tripel Projection
Created in 1921 by Oswald Winkel.
It is neither equal area or conformal. Instead it tries to combine the best of both types of projections.