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APUSH: Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis
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American painter John Steuart Curry painted Tragic Prelude, a mural of Brown holding a gun and a Bible, in the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka
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Looking Westward A million square miles of new territory acquired in the 1840 Continental United States was created Expansion Westward migration and investment Manifest Destiny
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Manifest Destiny Nationalism Idealistic vision of social perfection
America was destined by God and history to expand across the continent Racial justification “empire of liberty” → beyond the continent Opposition to expansion → issues of slavery and stability
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“Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federalative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
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Manifest Destiny – John L. O’Sullivan
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Americans in Texas
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TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Americans began moving into Texas in the 1820’s and brought their slaves with them War fought by Texans against Mexico because they believed their rights had been violated Won by Texans in 1836 and requests to enter the U.S.
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Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston ( ) Steven Austin ( )
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Reasons Texans Opposed Mexican Citizenship
Did not want to adopt Mexican customs Did not see Mexico as their own country Few spoke Spanish, and most found the Spanish Catholic Church alien to them
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Major Battle Outcome Gonzales Mexicans retreat Texans defeated after Inflicting serious losses On Mexicans Alamo San Jacinto Texans prevail
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“Remember the Alamo!”
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David Crockett, Jim Bowie, Sam Houston
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General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo Davey Crockett’s last stand General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
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Battle of San Jacinto
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TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
President Jackson and Van Buren refused to recognize Texas statehood because of slavery Texas became its own country with Sam Houston president, 1836 to 1845 Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas
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TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Texas entered as a U.S. state in 1845 Mexico vowed if Texas became part of the U.S., this would be an act of war One cause of the war with Mexico in 1846
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Oregon Control of what was called the Oregon Country was another major political issue in the 1840’s Both Britain and U.S. claimed control significant migration in 1840’s → conflict w/Indians → new settlers urged U.S. to take the disputed region
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Westward Migration Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
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Religious freedom Opportunity to own their Own farms Reasons Americans Went West To fulfill the concept Of Manifest Destiny To convert Native Americans To Christianity To act as trailblazers
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The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
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Terrain between the frontier
and the Pacific was difficult Many Challenges Faced Americans Who Moved West The typical trip west took five to six months Travelers feared attacks by Native American warriors
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Life on the Trail Wagon trains Covered wagons and livestock
2,000 mile Oregon Trail Walked most of the time Families and young men Highly collective experience Life on the Trail
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Oregon Trail California Trail Pony Express Trail Trails to The West Santa Fe Trail Butterfield Overland Mail Trail Mormon Trail Old Spanish Trail
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Expansion and War Expansion of Americans moving west of the Mississippi in the 1840’s → pressure on govt to annex Texas, Oregon, and other territory
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Election of 1844 Whigs – Henry Clay Democrats – James K. Polk
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The Democrats and Expansion
Clay the Whig and Van Buren a leading Democrat avoid take a position on Texas annexation Election of 1844 → Democrats nominate James K. Polk → wins election advocating annexation of Texan and Oregon
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Compromise over Oregon
Willamette River Valley – rich soil… Oregon Trail… Disputed border with Britain – major campaign issue 1844 “fifty-four forty or fight!!” Compromise fixes the border at the 49th parallel in 1846
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The Southwest and California
New tensions emerging in the Southwest Dispute over boundary between the newly annexed Texas and Mexico Texas claims Rio Grande as border Mexico claims Nueces River as border American interests in California which was part of Mexico Polk plans to take New Mexico and California Sends army to Texas and order Navy to seize California if war breaks out
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The Mexican War Failure of the Slidell Mission
Claims of a border incident used to declare war Opposition to the war Battle of Monterrey Bear Flag Revolt Capture of Mexico City The Mexican War
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The Mexican War → the Battle of Monterry – Sept. 1846
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Bear Flag Revolution Summer of 1846 → Stephen Kearny captures Santa Fe → marches on to California → John C. Fremont leads settlers in the Bear Flag Revolution → Kearny, settlers, and U.S. Navy complete conquest of Californian in autumn of 1846
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General Winfield Scott captures Mexico City
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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico agrees to cede California and New Mexico to the United States and agree to the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas Mexicans are paid $15 million
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The Sectional Debate Polk tried to transcend sectional differences
Conciliation was becoming impossible The Wilmot Proviso → failed attempt to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico Competing plans → extend Missouri Compromise line or “popular sovereignty” → issue remains unresolved Creation of the Free-Soil Party → antislavery party
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Slavery and the Territories
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Election of 1848 Democrats – Gen. Lewis Cass
Free Soilers - Martin Van Buren Whigs – Zachary Taylor → general and hero of Mexican War → wins
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The California Gold Rush
Sutter’s Mill – January 1848 → gold discovered Hundreds of thousands of people from around the world flock to California Pop increases twentyfold in 4 hyears Forty-niners Chinese migrants Labor shortages Expoitation of the Indians Pop growth raises pressure to resolve territorial status
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Rising Sectional Tensions
President Taylor supported statehood for California and soon New Mexico → let each new state decide issue of slavery Southerners reject this Issue of enforcement of Fugitive Slave Laws North demands prohibition of slavery in the territories
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Twilight of the Senatorial Giants
Henry Clay – John C. Calhoun-Daniel Webster
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A Compromise in the Making
Henry Clay “The Great Compromiser” John C. Calhoun → wanted a Northern & Southern President… Daniel Webster 7th of March Speech → urged mod Northerners to support Clay’s compromise William Seward Appeals to a “Higher Law” → reject compromise/eliminate slavery Stephen Douglas → westerner focused on economics Zachary Taylor dies → Millard Fillmore becomes president → supports compromise Civil War could have broken out in 1850… A Compromise in the Making
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Millard Fillmore – 13th President
Taylor dies… Fillmore breaks the congressional logjam and quickly signs the bills into law collectively known as the Compromise of 1850
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Compromise of 1850 North gets: California admitted as a free state
Texas loses boundary disputes with New Mexico Washington DC is closed to the slave trade South gets: Fugitive Slave Law Texas $10 million Washington DC will remain slaveholding No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico Territories (popular sovereignty)
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Compromise of 1850 only briefly reduced sectional conflict
Election of 1852 → Democrat Franklin Pierce wins The end of the Whigs Opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act “Young America” Ostend Manifesto → plan to buy Cuba → northerners saw as plan to expand slavery The Crises of the 1850’s
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The Need for a Transcontinental Railroad = Gadsden Purchase
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Stephen Douglas → “the Little Giant” → wanted N. route for transcontinental RR → needed to organize the Nebraska territory → introduced a new bill in 1854 The Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Kansas and Nebraska to be decided by popular sovereignty Repealed the Missouri Compromise Divided the North and South Further Destroyed the Whig Party Led to the formation of the Republican Party 1854 Political Parties became sectional Democrats – Southern Republicans - Northern
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“Bleeding Kansas” Pro and anti slavery settlers pour into Kansas Slave holders win control of legislature Antislave forces elect a competing antislavery legislature at Lawrence, Kansas Missourians attack Lawrence John Brown a fanatical religious abolitionist murders five slave owning settlers → “the Potawatomie Massacre” Guerilla warfare conducted by armed bands breaks out
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Preston Brooks/pro-slavery repeatedly physically beats Charles Sumner/anti-slavery → honor to Southerners and barbarism to Northerners → violence in the Senate chamber
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The Free-Soil Ideology
Most white northerners came to believe that slavery was wrong not because of what it did to blacks but what it threatened to do to whites → saw the south as the antithesis of democracy and a danger to free labor, individualism, and progress Free soil and free labor
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Buchanan and Depression
Election of 1856 Democrats chose James Buchanan who was uninvolved with the question of “Bleeding Kansas” Republicans run their first candidate John C. Fremont Close election → Buchanan wins → timid and indecisive president Economic depression hits → this strengthens Republican support Buchanan and Depression
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Dred Scott v Sanford - 1857 Dred Scott - slave
John Sanford claimed ownership Chief Justice Roger Taney… Blacks are not citizens – not protected by Constitution… Slaves were private property – protected by 5th Amendment… Congress can’t ban slavery – Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional… Further divided N & S Triggered the Panic of 1857… “Cotton is King”… Strengthened the Republican Party Dred Scott v Sanford
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Deadlock Over Kansas The Lecompton Constitution → proslavery constitution Election for new legislature → antislavery majority → Lecompton constit rejected In 1861 Kansas admitted as a free state
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Lecompton Constitution
Proslavery Kansas Constitution…. Free-Soilers outraged… Statehood postponed
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The Emergence of Lincoln
1858 election for Senate in Illinois → democrat Stephen Douglas was the most prominent northern democrat v. little known Republican Abraham Lincoln Lincoln-Douglas debates → drew large crowds and national publicity At the heart of the debates was the issue of slavery → supported the spread of free labor not slavery → was not an abolitionists
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Lincoln-Douglas Debate
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John Brown – Harper’s Ferry
Anti-slavery zealot John Brown and followers lead a raid on the U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia → hopes to provoke a slave uprising → fails → Brown surrenders and is executed → outrages and scares the hell out of the south John Brown – Harper’s Ferry
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The Election of Lincoln
The presidential election of 1860: Most momentous consequences in US history One of the most complex Democratic party divided – southerners endorse slavery, westerners support popular sovereignty Another party of conservative ex-Whigs runs a candidate Republican nominate Abraham Lincoln – firm but moderate position on slavery and a westerner Lincoln wins and the south secedes
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