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APUSH: Chapter 37: The Cold War Begins
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What Is The Cold War? Intense rivalry between the U.S. & Soviet Union
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Basic info Began in 1946 lasted for 45 years
WWII set the conditions for Cold War rivalry 2 superpowers divided by Ideology, history, geography, strategic interest Mutual distrust
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Post war political issues
WWII made ideological enemies Eastern Europe Germany’s fate Nationalism major force Social changes in America Technological changes
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American Presidents – Cold War
1. Truman 2. Eisenhower 3. JFK 4. LBJ 5. Nixon 6. Ford 7. Carter 8. Reagan 9. Bush
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Soviet Leaders of the Cold War
Stalin Malenkov Khrushchev Brezhnev Andropov Cherneko Gorbachev
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Origins of Cold War (after WWII)
1. Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Established Spheres of Influence In Eastern Europe
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Origins of Cold War 2. Eastern European nations Became Soviet “satellites” ( ) 3. Soviets refused to sign plan eliminating atomic weapons
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Origins of Cold War 4. Soviets refused to allow free elections in Eastern Europe 5. Stalin hoped to establish “communist block” clear violation of war conference agreements
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Winston Churchill : “An iron curtain has descended across Europe”
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What countries are partitioned
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Shaping post war world Truman takes command Halt lend lease shipments
Baruch Plan George Kennan “Long Telegram” Containment
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Policy of Containment President Truman interested in “containing communism from spreading” Truman Doctrine (1947): funding to assist countries in repelling a possible communist take over Marshall Plan 1947
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Shaping post war world Bretton Woods conference 1944: International Monetary Fund/World Bank United Nations; Dumbarton oaks conference Aug-Oct 1944 War criminals tried; Nuremberg/ Japanese war criminals tried OAS
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United Nations Charter of United Nations (1945)
1. “maintenance of international peace and security” 2. 5 permanent members U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China 3. 15 members in total
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U.S. Domestic Policy 1. National Security Act (1947)- created the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) a. NSC-68- secret document discussed Soviet plans for world domination, encouraged U.S. to build up military
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“Voice of America” Atomic Energy Commission
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Berlin Airlift, 1948 Joseph Stalin
Cut off city of Berlin from Western contact Blocked all routes into Berlin with Soviet troops Why? tired of U.S. intrusion in European affairs
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Berlin Blockade, 1948
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Berlin Airlift, 1948 American planes delivered supplies to city
For 11 months
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Berlin Airlift- American “Candy Bombers”
American servicemen Flew over Berlin and dropped candy for city’s children
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Alliances… Anzus cento
President Truman joined alliance with W. European countries, Canada, Iceland NATO –North Atlantic treaty organization Anzus cento
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Alliances… Stalin’s response: Warsaw Pact – 1955
Communist Eastern European military alliance Once a member, a nation can NEVER leave! Council for Mutual Economic assistance
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The Atomic Race Begins Superior large scale weapons
Soviet Union exploded first A- Bomb 1949 1952 U.S. developed Hydrogen bomb 1,000 X’s stronger than A-bomb
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Containment in Asia Japan drafted a democratic constitution
China “fell” to communism 1949 1950 Mao Tse- Tung and Joseph Stalin signed pact 2 large nations = “communist block”
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Korean War 1945 Allies divided Korea
Border between North & South 38th Parallel North Korea = communist China and Soviet Union supplied weapons
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Korean War N. Korea invaded South Korea, June 1950
U.S. authorized “police action” of military force to liberate South Korea Conflict ended in “stalemate”
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Impact of Korean War Truman’s decision to commit troops to Korea without congressional approval set precedent Refusal to unleash bombs set limiting grounds Expand war into Asia American foreign policy more global, more militarized, more expensive
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Truman Era at Home Union membership swelled to over 14 million by 1945
Strikes rampant Taft Hartley Act 1947 Section 14b “right to work” laws prohibiting the union shop
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Civil Rights Committee on Civil Rights; To secure these rights
Desegregate Federal positions Desegregate armed forces
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Truman Era 1948 Election “To err is to Truman” Truman won
T – Democrats Henry Wallace – progressive J. Strom Thurmond –dixiecrats Thomas Dewey- R Truman won D gain control of both houses
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Truman- The Fair Deal National health insurance, aid to education,
housing program, expansion of Social Security, higher minimum wage, agricultural program Civil Rights
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The vital center Anti communism Economic growth panacea
Political pluralism
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Employment Act of 1946: established a council of economic advisers; Keynesian policy.
Presidential succession act 1947 22nd amendment
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2ND RED SCARE Published in 1947, Americans at home. Approximately 4 million copies of Is This Tomorrow? were printed, the majority distributed to church groups or sold for ten cents a copy.
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The Second Red Scare The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) launched investigations into communist influence in Hollywood. Hollywood Ten; blacklisted
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Spy Cases Public anxieties were heightened when former State Department advisor Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist spy. Richard Nixon pursued the charges. Hiss went to jail for perjury. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed despite worldwide protests.
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American Espionage “ Red Scare”
Fear of spies in the U.S. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – accused of delivering atomic secrets to Soviets Convicted of treason & espionage 1951 Sentenced to death
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
Wanted to uncover & prosecute American Communists Used media to his advantage His accusations mostly false Hearings televised Modern day “witch hunt” .
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The Loyalty-Security Program
Loyalty Review Board McCarran Internal Security Bill 1950 Smith Act 1940 HUAC
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Truman vs. Eisenhower “Containment” [George Kennan]
“Brinksmanship” [John Foster Dulles] Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine Berlin Airlift NATO NSC #68 Korean War Mutual security agreements. Massive retaliation. M. A. D. “Domino Theory” CIA & covert operations Eisenhower Doctrine “$ Diplomacy” – Part II
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Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
EUROPE: 1955 Warsaw Pact created. 1956 Hungarian Revolution. 1958 Berlin Crisis. 1959 Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate.” 1960 U-2 Spy Incident
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Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Middle East: 1953 CIA sponsored coup in Iran P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. 1956 Suez Crisis. 1958 Civil War in Lebanon
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Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Latin America: 1948 O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration. 1954 CIA covert ops. in Guatemala. 1950s Puerto Rican independence movement. 1959 Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba.
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Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Far East: 1953 end of the Korean War. 1954 French depart Indo-China. Geneva Accords 1964 China explodes its first atomic bomb [during LBJ’s administration].
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Living in Fear… Threat of nuclear war Bomb shelters
People purchased canned goods/water “duck and cover” drills in schools
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Living In Fear… The National Highway Act 1956
Created interstate freeway system 42,000 miles of road
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Interstate Highways… Meant to provide : quick evacuation , emergency landing of planes, transport of missiles
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Cars and Highways 1947 Congress authorized construction of 37,000 miles of highways 1956 expand to another 42, 500 New interstate system link entire country Reroute traffic away from small towns Route 66 1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways act
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Economic record Annual GDP jumped from 213 billion – 1945
500 billion in 1960 1 trillion – 1970 By % owned homes %
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Servicemen’s Re-adjustment Act, 1944
Also known as the “G.I.” Bill Huge impact on American society & economy in the 1950’s Opportunities for WWII Veterans
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G.I. Bill Offered… 1. University education 2. Vocational Training
3. Small business loans 3. Home loans
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Universities Award 2x’s as many degrees in 1950 as opposed to 1940
8 million vets used G.I. funds to attend Colleges &Universities
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Contradictions for Women
Betty Friedan “feminine Mystique”1963 More than 1/3 of American women in 1950s held jobs 2 parent working household
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1950’s Fads Hula Hoops! Records! Barbie! Telephone booth stuffing!
Silly putty
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Rock N’ Roll Term coined by DJ Alan Freed 1951 Controversial
Society concerned about teenagers
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Rebellious Youth in Film
James Dean - “Rebel Without a Cause” (1955) Marlon Brando – “ The Wild One” (1954)
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Music Reject romantic ballads of 40’s Rock n roll Fear race mixing
White country and western, with black inspired rhythm and blues Elvis Presley “Hound Dog” Heartbreak Hotel Fear race mixing
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Disneyland Opened in Anaheim, CA 1955 Price of admission: $1
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The Construction of Disneyland…
Does Disneyland represent the social idealism of the 1950’s??
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The other America Displaced Persons Act 1948
Repeal of Chinese exclusion act 1943 led to more balanced communities Bracero program revived in Korea War end 1964 operation Wetback Increase in Puerto Ricans Cuban refugees third largest group of Spanish speaking immigrants
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The Other America Influx of NA into cities
1953 Congress terminate the autonomous status of Indian tribes. Bureau of Indian affairs encouraged voluntary migration
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The Other America AA hasted by changes in southern ag
Synthetic fabrics cut demand for cotton Mechanical cotton picker 1944 destroy sharecropper system Cotton acreage declined from 43 million acres in 1930 to less than 15 million in 1960 Southern farm pop fell from 16.2 million to 5.9 By 1950 half the nations black pop living outside the south
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Poverty and Urban Blight
By 1960, 35 million people lived below poverty line Inner city deteriorated into slums Reality of the ignored
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1950s Racism in more covert forms; housing restrictions, segregated schools, urban infrastructure underfunded bc of white flight Urban renewal; projects Emerging civil rights struggle
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1950’s Reality: 1. Racism, discrimination, segregation
2. Popular Culture depicts white middle class experience 3. Poverty, urban blight, inequality
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