1. APUSH: Chapter 37: The Cold War Begins

2. What Is The Cold War?
Intense rivalry between the U.S. & Soviet Union

3. Basic info Began in 1946 lasted for 45 years
WWII set the conditions for Cold War rivalry
2 superpowers divided by
Ideology, history, geography, strategic interest
Mutual distrust

4. Post war political issues
WWII made ideological enemies
Eastern Europe
Germany’s fate
Nationalism major force
Social changes in America
Technological changes

5. American Presidents – Cold War
1. Truman
2. Eisenhower
3. JFK
4. LBJ
5. Nixon
6. Ford
7. Carter
8. Reagan
9. Bush

6. Soviet Leaders of the Cold War
Stalin
Malenkov
Khrushchev
Brezhnev
Andropov
Cherneko
Gorbachev

7. Origins of Cold War (after WWII)
1. Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
Established Spheres of Influence
In Eastern Europe

8. Origins of Cold War
2. Eastern European nations Became Soviet “satellites” ( )
3. Soviets refused to sign plan eliminating atomic weapons

9. Origins of Cold War
4. Soviets refused to allow free elections in Eastern Europe
5. Stalin hoped to establish “communist block”
clear violation of war conference agreements

10. Winston Churchill :
“An iron curtain has descended across Europe”

11. What countries are partitioned

12. Shaping post war world Truman takes command Halt lend lease shipments
Baruch Plan
George Kennan
“Long Telegram”
Containment

13. Policy of Containment
President Truman interested in “containing communism from spreading”
Truman Doctrine (1947): funding to assist countries in repelling a possible communist take over
Marshall Plan 1947

14. Shaping post war world
Bretton Woods conference 1944: International Monetary Fund/World Bank
United Nations; Dumbarton oaks conference Aug-Oct 1944
War criminals tried;
Nuremberg/ Japanese war criminals tried
OAS

15. United Nations Charter of United Nations (1945)
1. “maintenance of international peace and security”
2. 5 permanent members
U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China
3. 15 members in total

16. U.S. Domestic Policy
1. National Security Act (1947)- created the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
a. NSC-68- secret document discussed Soviet plans for world domination, encouraged U.S. to build up military

17. “Voice of America”
Atomic Energy Commission

18. Berlin Airlift, 1948 Joseph Stalin
Cut off city of Berlin from Western contact
Blocked all routes into Berlin with Soviet troops
Why?
tired of U.S. intrusion in European affairs

19. Berlin Blockade, 1948

20. Berlin Airlift, 1948 American planes delivered supplies to city
For 11 months

21. Berlin Airlift- American “Candy Bombers”
American servicemen
Flew over Berlin and dropped candy for city’s children

22. Alliances… Anzus cento
President Truman joined alliance with W. European countries, Canada, Iceland
NATO –North Atlantic treaty organization
Anzus
cento

23. Alliances… Stalin’s response: Warsaw Pact – 1955
Communist Eastern European military alliance
Once a member, a nation can NEVER leave!
Council for Mutual Economic assistance

24. The Atomic Race Begins Superior large scale weapons
Soviet Union exploded first A- Bomb 1949
1952 U.S. developed Hydrogen bomb
1,000 X’s stronger than A-bomb

25. Containment in Asia Japan drafted a democratic constitution
China “fell” to communism 1949
1950 Mao Tse- Tung and Joseph Stalin signed pact
2 large nations = “communist block”

26. Korean War 1945 Allies divided Korea
Border between North & South 38th Parallel
North Korea = communist
China and Soviet Union supplied weapons

27. Korean War N. Korea invaded South Korea, June 1950
U.S. authorized “police action” of military force to liberate South Korea
Conflict ended in “stalemate”

28. Impact of Korean War
Truman’s decision to commit troops to Korea without congressional approval set precedent
Refusal to unleash bombs set limiting grounds
Expand war into Asia
American foreign policy more global, more militarized, more expensive

30. Truman Era at Home Union membership swelled to over 14 million by 1945
Strikes rampant
Taft Hartley Act 1947
Section 14b “right to work” laws prohibiting the union shop

31. Civil Rights Committee on Civil Rights; To secure these rights
Desegregate Federal positions
Desegregate armed forces

32. Truman Era 1948 Election “To err is to Truman” Truman won
T – Democrats
Henry Wallace – progressive
J. Strom Thurmond –dixiecrats
Thomas Dewey- R
Truman won
D gain control of both houses

33. Truman- The Fair Deal National health insurance, aid to education,
housing program,
expansion of Social Security,
higher minimum wage,
agricultural program
Civil Rights

34. The vital center Anti communism Economic growth panacea
Political pluralism

35. Employment Act of 1946: established a council of economic advisers; Keynesian policy.
Presidential succession act 1947
22nd amendment

36. 2ND RED SCARE
Published in 1947, Americans at home. Approximately 4 million copies of Is This Tomorrow? were printed, the majority distributed to church groups or sold for ten cents a copy.

37. The Second Red Scare
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) launched investigations into communist influence in Hollywood.
Hollywood Ten; blacklisted

38. Spy Cases
Public anxieties were heightened when former State Department advisor Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist spy.
Richard Nixon pursued the charges.
Hiss went to jail for perjury.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed despite worldwide protests.

39. American Espionage “ Red Scare”
Fear of spies in the U.S.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – accused of delivering atomic secrets to Soviets
Convicted of treason & espionage 1951
Sentenced to death

40. Senator Joseph McCarthy
Wanted to uncover & prosecute American Communists
Used media to his advantage
His accusations mostly false
Hearings televised
Modern day “witch hunt” .

41. The Loyalty-Security Program
Loyalty Review Board
McCarran Internal Security Bill 1950
Smith Act 1940
HUAC

42. Truman vs. Eisenhower “Containment” [George Kennan]
“Brinksmanship” [John Foster Dulles]
Marshall Plan
Truman Doctrine
Berlin Airlift
NATO
NSC #68
Korean War
Mutual security agreements.
Massive retaliation.
M. A. D.
“Domino Theory”
CIA & covert operations
Eisenhower Doctrine
“$ Diplomacy” – Part II

43. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
EUROPE:
1955  Warsaw Pact created.
1956  Hungarian Revolution.
1958  Berlin Crisis.
1959  Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate.”
1960  U-2 Spy Incident

44. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Middle East:
1953  CIA sponsored coup in Iran
P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh  nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.
1956  Suez Crisis.
1958  Civil War in Lebanon

45. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Latin America:
1948  O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration.
1954  CIA covert ops. in Guatemala.
1950s  Puerto Rican independence movement.
1959  Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba.

46. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Far East:
1953  end of the Korean War.
1954  French depart Indo-China.
Geneva Accords
1964  China explodes its first atomic bomb [during LBJ’s administration].

47. Living in Fear… Threat of nuclear war Bomb shelters
People purchased canned goods/water
“duck and cover” drills in schools

48. Living In Fear… The National Highway Act 1956
Created interstate freeway system
42,000 miles of road

49. Interstate Highways…
Meant to provide : quick evacuation , emergency landing of planes, transport of missiles

50. Cars and Highways
1947 Congress authorized construction of 37,000 miles of highways
1956 expand to another 42, 500
New interstate system link entire country
Reroute traffic away from small towns
Route 66
1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways act

51. Economic record Annual GDP jumped from 213 billion – 1945
500 billion in 1960
1 trillion – 1970
By % owned homes %

52. Servicemen’s Re-adjustment Act, 1944
Also known as the “G.I.” Bill
Huge impact on American society & economy in the 1950’s
Opportunities for WWII Veterans

53. G.I. Bill Offered… 1. University education 2. Vocational Training
3. Small business loans
3. Home loans

54. Universities Award 2x’s as many degrees in 1950 as opposed to 1940
8 million vets used G.I. funds to attend Colleges &Universities

55. Contradictions for Women
Betty Friedan “feminine Mystique”1963
More than 1/3 of American women in 1950s held jobs
2 parent working household

56. 1950’s Fads Hula Hoops! Records! Barbie! Telephone booth stuffing!
Silly putty

57. Rock N’ Roll Term coined by DJ Alan Freed 1951 Controversial
Society concerned about teenagers

58. Rebellious Youth in Film
James Dean - “Rebel Without a Cause” (1955)
Marlon Brando –
“ The Wild One” (1954)

59. Music Reject romantic ballads of 40’s Rock n roll Fear race mixing
White country and western, with black inspired rhythm and blues
Elvis Presley “Hound Dog”
Heartbreak Hotel
Fear race mixing

60. Disneyland
Opened in Anaheim, CA 1955
Price of admission: $1

61. The Construction of Disneyland…
Does Disneyland represent the social idealism of the 1950’s??

62. The other America Displaced Persons Act 1948
Repeal of Chinese exclusion act 1943 led to more balanced communities
Bracero program revived in Korea War end 1964 operation Wetback
Increase in Puerto Ricans
Cuban refugees third largest group of Spanish speaking immigrants

63. The Other America Influx of NA into cities
1953 Congress terminate the autonomous status of Indian tribes. Bureau of Indian affairs encouraged voluntary migration

64. The Other America AA hasted by changes in southern ag
Synthetic fabrics cut demand for cotton
Mechanical cotton picker 1944 destroy sharecropper system
Cotton acreage declined from 43 million acres in 1930 to less than 15 million in 1960
Southern farm pop fell from 16.2 million to 5.9
By 1950 half the nations black pop living outside the south

65. Poverty and Urban Blight
By 1960, 35 million people lived below poverty line
Inner city deteriorated into slums
Reality of the ignored

66. 1950s
Racism in more covert forms; housing restrictions, segregated schools, urban infrastructure underfunded bc of white flight
Urban renewal; projects
Emerging civil rights struggle

67. 1950’s Reality: 1. Racism, discrimination, segregation
2. Popular Culture depicts white middle class experience
3. Poverty, urban blight, inequality