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13-3 Cell Transformation
Recombinant DNA
Host Cell DNA
Target gene
Modified Host Cell DNA
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Transforming Bacteria
What happens during cell transformation?
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3. Transforming Bacteria
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
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4. Transforming Bacteria
Foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule known as a plasmid.
Plasmids are found naturally in some bacteria and have been very useful for DNA transfer.
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5. Transforming Bacteria
The plasmid has a genetic marker—a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't.
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6. Applications of Genetic Engineering
If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
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7. Transforming Bacteria
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
DNA recombination
Human Cell
Bacterial chromosome
Sticky ends
DNA insertion
Bacteria cell
During transformation, a cell incorporates DNA from outside the cell into its own DNA. One way to use bacteria to produce human growth hormone is to insert a human gene into bacterial DNA. The new combination of genes is then returned to a bacterial cell. The bacterial cell containing the gene replicates over and over.
Bacteria cell containing gene for human growth hormone
Plasmid
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8. Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA
Plasmid is removed from donor (bacteria)
DNA is removed from human cell
The DNA is cut for insertion into the plasmid
The plasmid is snipped to make a place to insert the human DNA
A recombinant DNA is formed
The plasmid is inserted into host/donor (bacteria) cell
Host cell reproduces and contains the human DNA into the plasmid
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13-3
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13-3
Plasmids can be used to transform
bacteria only.
plant cells only.
plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
animal cells only.
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13-3
An unknowing pioneer in the concept of cell transformation was
Luther Burbank.
Frederick Griffith.
Oswald Avery.
James Watson.
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13-3
One reason plasmids are useful in cell transformation is that they
are found in all types of cells.
prevent gene replication.
counteract the presence of foreign DNA.
have genetic markers indicating their presence.
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13-3
A common method of determining whether bacteria have taken in a recombinant plasmid is to
introduce them into plant cells.
introduce them into animal cells.
treat them with an antibiotic.
mix them with other bacteria that do not have the plasmid.
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13-3
Successful transformation of an animal or a plant cell involves
the integration of recombinant DNA into the cell’s chromosome.
changing the cell’s chromosomes into plasmids.
treating the cell with antibiotics.
destroying the cell wall in advance.
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15. END OF SECTION