1. Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
Unit 8
Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

2. Unit 8
Day 1 – The Basis of Motivation (Module 37) Day 2 – Hunger and Sex (Modules 38 & 39) Day 3 – The Need to Belong (Module 40) and Week 1 Vocabulary Quiz Day 4 – Theories of Emotion and Detection (Modules 41 & 42) Day 5 – Stress and Unit 8 Review (Modules 43 & 44) Day 6 – CUA 8!

3. Module 41: Emotion – Theories and Physiology

4. Cognition (the mind) and Emotion
Emotions
A response of the WHOLE organism, involving (a) arousal, (b) expressed behaviors, and (c) experience of emotion

5. Questions Emotion Theories Answer
Chicken-and-egg debate: Does physical arousal happen before, after, or during the feeling of emotion?
Cognition: How do thinking and feeling interact? Which comes first?
Five Theories:
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Schachter-Singer
Zajonc and Ledoux
Lazarus
How to Remember: A Guide
S = stimulus, what causes emotion
A =arousal
E = emotion
C = cognition, or thought

6. One: James-Lange Theory
How to Remember: Arousal comes before Emotion (S->A->E)
William James believed that we become aware of our physical responses to stimuli
Ex: Our heart is racing (to speed up oxygen and blood flow), then we feel afraid.

7. Two: Cannon-Bard Theory
How to Remember: Arousal and emotion happen together. (S->A+E)
The emotion-triggering stimulus (1) travels to the brain causing fear (2a) and at the same time to the nervous system, speeding up heart beat (2b).
Key Point #3: Give the PRIMARY DIFFERENCE between the two historical theories of emotion – James-Lange and Cannon-Bard.
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8. Three: Two-factor Theory
How to Remember: Arousal AND cognitively labeling the emotion allow you experience it. (S->A+C=E)
Emotional experience requires conscious awareness of the arousal you experience.
Spillover effect: imagine you come back from an invigorating run or a great date, and find a letter saying you’re accepted to your first choice.
Would you feel differently if you had just woken up from a nap instead?

9. Four: Zajonc and LeDoux
How to Remember: Some emotions don’t need labels to be felt. (some S->E, bypassing other steps)
We automatically detect emotionally significant notions
High and low-roads
High-road: some complex emotions or stimuli – love, hate – get analyzed before they are distinctly labeled
Low-road: other stimuli – for survival, such as fear – result in instant reactions

10. Five: Lazarus
How to Remember: We process emotion consciously and unconsciously. (S- >C->E, even without noticing arousal)
Agrees, with Zajonc and LeDoux, but argues that we might appraise an event as harmless or dangerous whether we know it is or not.
Modern theories:

11. Embodied Emotion Autonomic Nervous System controls the arousal we feel
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
Yerkes-Dodson Law:
It pays to be moderately aroused on an exam, for example; too high and you get stressed out, too low and you are sleepy and unmotivated.

12. Affect and Polygraphs
Affect is how you express emotions – a wide affect means an appropriate range of emotions; limited affect is usually a sign of depression.
Polygraphs
Machines that measure physical responses to see if a person is lying in response to a question
Why would these be flawed?