1. The Emergence of the Nation State in England

2. What were the foundations of the nation-state in England?
For thousands of years, people had
identified partly with their immediate ruler
– the lord of their manor – or with a united
Catholic Europe. Once the Reformation
began, this would change

3. What were the Wars of the Roses?
During the 15th century, England had experienced many civil wars
2 rival families were fighting for the throne of England: Lancasters vs. Yorks
Ended in 1485 when Henry Tudor (Lancaster) became King Henry VII
FUN FACT: He was the last English King to win the throne in battle
Because his claim to throne was weak, he built support wherever he could
He married Elizabeth of York to unite the 2 families

4. Henry VII
Henry VII united England after a period of bitter civil wars, which led to the English nation-state
He was determined to restore law and order & shift power to central government for stability
He achieved this by:
forbidding barons from building private armies
prosecuting and fining many barons
supporting the middle class to gain power, so he gained rich allies

5. Developing the Economy
Henry modernized the economy by:
Removing the guild power to control prices and restrict manufacturing
Instead, supported the growth of cottage industries: production from individual people’s homes
Using new laws to help English wool merchants beat foreign competitors
Helping adventurers (John Cabot) find new trade routes
By the time Henry died, England was a prosperous, peaceful country, open to new ways of doing things

6. Henry VIII

7. Henry Wants Out
Shortly after becoming King, Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon, the widow of his older brother
They just had one daughter and Henry felt he needed a male heir to secure is place in power
He then fell in love with Anne Boleyn and when Anne insisted Henry marry her before she would return his affections, Henry tried to divorce Catherine

8. Response from the Catholic Church
The Pope refuses
Divorce was almost impossible at this time
Henry fights that it should end because Catherine had been his sister-in-law, but the pope turned him down
Henry comes up with the idea that he could form a new church in England separate from the Roman Catholic Church
He would then be able to end the pope’s interference

9. Separation from the Catholic Church
It took several years, but by 1533, the Church of England was created
Henry divorced Catherine and married Anne
In 1534, Parliament made Henry the supreme head of the Church of England
Although it was a Protestant church, many Catholic ceremonies and rituals were kept
Henry closed all Catholic churches in England and persecuted anyone who refused to accept his new Church
He also gains control of church land $$$

11. A King Becomes a Tyrant
He showed his cruelty by having Anne convicted of adultery and witchcraft and executed (no one believed the charges) because she couldn’t produce a son
Henry then went through 5 more wives
Jane Seymour giving him his only son
His wives (Divorced, Killed, Died, Divorced, Killed, Survived)
Henry did not hesitate to use cruelty and violence against his “enemies”
He continually had to deal with Catholic uprisings
He died in 1547

12. Henry VIII’s Successors
After the reign of Henry VIII, Edward VI (son with Jane Seymour), became King at 9 and died of Tuberculosis when he was a teenager
Edward named Protestant cousin Lady Jane Grey to succeed him, but she was defeated by Mary’s catholic supporters
Mary I, then became Queen and was determined to make England Catholic again, but her extreme policies (including, burning Protestants alive), was not popular.
FUN FACT: This is where “Bloody Mary” comes from
When Mary I died 5 years later, Elizabeth became queen.
During her reign England’s power and prosperity grew and England became firmly Protestant. Queen Elizabeth used her intelligence, power, and diplomacy to make England a prosperous nation- state.
* How does her portrait tell us about how she wants to be perceived?

13. Elizabeth in Film & Literature
Elizabeth: The Golden Age(2007) – Cate Blanchet
Shakespeare in Love (1998) – Judy Dench
Elizabeth I (2005) – Helen Mirren
What happens? What’s focused on? How is she portrayed? Similar/ different from father?
“Self and the Otherself”
What is the central conflict? How does this reflect her life? Can you relate?

14. Queen Elizabeth I –
Many people thought that because Queen Elizabeth was a woman, she would be too weak to rule the country alone.
She proved them wrong. She was intelligent, educated, and skilled in languages and the arts.
She never married. Why?
She treated Catholics fairly and maintained a good relationship with Parliament.

15. Queen Elizabeth I
Under the rule of Elizabeth I, the English experienced the “Golden Age” – there was a renaissance in arts, sciences, and exploration.
A sense of patriotism emerged
Elizabeth kept England from falling under the control of more powerful countries like Spain.
Also participated in shady money- making through piracy and slave- trade
She supported exploration and colonization of news lands: the British Empire begins!