1. Structure and Development
The Essay:
Structure and Development
NEC FACET Center

2. When writing an essay, you will always follow a structure.
Why?
Doing so, helps you and your reader stay on track.

3. Basic 3-Part Structure Introduction Begins your essay Body Paragraphs
Relay your main points
Conclusion
Ends your essay

4. To convey the full picture, writers must fit these essay parts together like the pieces of a puzzle.

5. Introductions have several purposes:
They create interest.

6. Introductions have several purposes:
They introduce your subject.

7. Introductions have several purposes:
They state a main point or thesis.

8. Introductions have several purposes:
They set the direction or tone.

9. Structure of the Introduction
Writers most commonly use a “funnel” or “inverted pyramid” structure.
The introduction starts out broad, gradually narrowing to the main point at the end.
A single sentence thesis statement expresses the essay’s main point.

10. Structural Diagram of Introduction
1-2 general sentences about broad subject area to be discussed
1-2 specific sentences about
the subject area
1-3 general sentences
leading into topic
1-3 specific
sentences
about
topic
thesis statement

11. Sample Introduction
Broad
Opening
Inflation has raised the price of groceries to an all-time high. Many are forced to cut corners to stay within the family’s food budget. One way to cut expenses is with a backyard garden. The three most important steps in making a garden are planning, planting, and tending.
Gradual
Narrowing
of subject
Thesis with
stated main
points

12. Expanded Sample Introduction
Inflation has raised the price of groceries to an all time high. A few years ago, a head of lettuce cost 99 cents, but today even a small head is usually at least $ Such increases force the homemaker to cut corners to stay within the family’s food budget. One way to reduce
Broad
opening
Example
Gradual
narrowing
of topic
begins

13. grocery expenses--and to get pleasure and exercise at the same time--is with the backyard garden. Even the beginner or the true city slicker can grow tomatoes, onions, or salad herbs. Although some research into soil types and fertilizer helps, no extensive knowledge is necessary. If one plans carefully, the hard work of planting and tending will be worth the effort.
Added
examples,
details
Polished
thesis with
main points

14. The Thesis
Before writing introductory paragraphs, writers should know what they want to prove in their essays.
They should write down this idea in a single sentence.

15. The thesis is frequently described as a “subject plus an attitude.”
Subject: The new factory in town
Subject + attitude = thesis: The new factory in town violates current pollution control regulations.

16. Also, The thesis frequently outlines the writer’s main points:
Subject + attitude + main points = thesis:
The new factory in town violates current pollution control regulations by emitting hazardous gases, dumping waste into Swallow Creek, and failing to provide protective clothing to employees.

17. Purpose of the Thesis
The thesis serves as a blueprint for the essay, setting up a plan of what will follow.
In a sense, the thesis also serves as a contract with the reader, making a promise that the writer must then fulfill.

18. In the introduction, do not make an announcement:
“In the following paragraphs, I will show ”

19. Thesis
The thesis must cover the full subject of an essay--just as an umbrella must cover its subject
Looked at the other way around, all topic sentences and supporting details in the essay’s body paragraphs must directly relate to the thesis.

20. Thesis
Body Paragraphs

21. Body Paragraphs
The typical student essay contains an introduction

22. Body Paragraphs The typical student essay contains an introduction

23. Body Paragraphs
Introduction
Body
paragraph 1
The typical student essay contains an introduction, 3-4 body paragraphs
Body
paragraph 2
Body
paragraph 3

24. Body Paragraphs
Introduction
Body
paragraph 1
The typical student essay contains an introduction, 3-4 body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
Body
paragraph 2
Body
paragraph 3
Conclusion

25. Purpose of the Body Body paragraphs may do the following:
Explain reasons
Provide examples & anecdotes
Present facts & statistics
The body of the essay supports the thesis.
It attempts to prove that the author’s thesis is correct.

26. Paragraph Parts Body paragraphs consist of the following parts:
a topic sentence
a series of supporting sentences
a concluding sentence.

27. Topic Sentences Topic sentences resemble thesis statements.
The thesis expresses the overall point of the entire essay.
Similarly, the topic sentence expresses the overall point of an individual paragraph.

28. Scope of Topic Sentences
Just as the thesis must cover the subject of all the body paragraphs, the topic sentence must cover the points of every supporting sentence within that one paragraph.

29. Providing Coherence
You can create smooth flow between sentences and paragraphs by following a logical method of organization.

30. Logical Arrangements
Chronological order: arranging events in the order in which they occurred, such as the details of baking a cake.
Mix
Bake
Cool
Ice and
Decorate

31. Spatial Order
Describing from left to right, top to bottom, or near to far, such as describing a scene in the Rocky Mountains.

32. Climactic Order
Arranging information from least to most important, such as telling about the newest animals at the local zoo.

33. In addition to using logical order, you can also achieve coherence by using appropriate transitions.

34. Examples of Transitions
addition: furthermore, moreover, also, in addition, first, second, third
comparison: in the same way, likewise, similarly
contrast: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary

35. More Transitions
emphasis: above all, especially, in fact, indeed, most important
result: consequently, therefore, for this reason, thus, hence, because of this
place: above, below, beyond, inside, outside, nearby, next to, to the south, on the far side, outside
time: afterward, before, currently, during, first, next, finally, gradually, later, meanwhile

36. Select the best transition.
Consequently
Meanwhile
However
Above all
I like the old house and think I might buy it. _______, I like the new house too.
However,

37. Select the best transition.
Next
Indeed
Currently
Therefore
Nevertheless
Next
First, I’ll visit England. _____, I’ll travel to the Netherlands and France.

38. Select the best transition.
On the
other
hand
Especially
Thus
Beyond
that
Later
In the foreground, the buildings’ reflections shimmer in the harbor. _______, the skyscrapers stand silhouetted against the sunset.
Beyond that

39. The Conclusion
The concluding paragraph gives readers a sense of completion so that the essay doesn’t seem to end abruptly.

40. Techniques for a Conclusion
Restate the thesis in different words.
Summarize briefly.
Emphasize the importance of the subject.
Discuss implications for the reader.
Suggest action if appropriate for subject.

41. A Techniques to Avoid in a Conclusion
Do not announce what you have just done.
Example: “As the past few paragraphs have demonstrated, . . .”

42. Other Techniques to Avoid
Do not apologize for your lack of expertise.
Do not simply repeat what you have said previously.

43. Essay writing can be enjoyable if you follow these structure and development tips.