1. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

2.                                                                          
Copernicus
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3. Kepler
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4. Galileo
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5. Newton
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6. Vesalius
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7. Harvey
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8. Boyle
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9. Lavoisier
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10. Cavendish
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11. John Locke
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12. Montesquieu
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13. Rousseau
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14. Voltaire
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15. Diderot
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16. Adam Smith
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17. Descarte
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18. Francis Bacon
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19. Path to the Enlightenment
Philosophical movement built off the Scientific Revolution
Enl. Philosophers believed they could create a better society by applying reason to social problems.
Talked about reason, natural law, hope, and social problems.
This was the first time many focused on the idea of happiness, and the idea of family became very important, esp. amongst middle classes
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20. Traditions and Superstitions
The “Great Debate”
Reason & Logic
Traditions and Superstitions
rationalism
empiricism
tolerance
skepticism
Deism
nostalgia for the past
organized religions
irrationalism
emotionalism

21. Salons Places to discuss literary and philosophical ideas
Mostly nobility; women not only attended, but organized the meetings
Here is where much of the Enlightenment, the secular questioning of traditions in politics, social hierarchy, religion and learning occurred.
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22. Philosophes French Enlightenment thinkers
Greatly influenced the Enlightenment throughout Europe and America
Most famous: Voltaire
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23. Adam Smith 1723-1790 Wrote The Wealth of Nations Scottish Economist
Early attempt to look at development of trade and industry
Helps establish academic field of economics
Provides intellectual rationale for capitalism
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24. Adam Smith
Believed Gov. was created to protect citizens from invasion and injustice. (public works)
New social sciences
Founder of modern economics
Believed people were free to pursue own economic interest.
“laissez-faire”
Gov. should not interfere with natural economic process.
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25. Voltaire
Educated by Jesuits (did not agree with much of their doctrine)-hated organized religion (irrational)
Arrested, put in Bastile, twice for criticisms first to royal family, then to an aristocrat- released, had to leave country
Goes to Britain
Returns to Paris in 1728; begins writing his Philosophical Letters
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26. Voltaire ( )
Wrote plays, novels, letters, essays, and histories.
Believed in religious tolerations
Supporter of deism
Deism religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

27. Thomas Paine ( )
Common Sense, 1776
The Rights of Man, 1791

28. Denis Diderot ( )

29. Diderot’s Encyclopédie

30. The Encyclopédie
Complete cycle of knowledge…………...… change the general way of thinking.
28 volumes.
Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated.
First published in 1751.
1500 livres a set.

31. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

32. An Increase in Reading

33. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

34. The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Three types of government:
Monarchy.
Republic.
Despotism.
A separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty. (checks and balances)

35. Montesquieu; Checks and Balances
Good government has both separation of powers and checks and balances
Ensures not one branch can become too powerful (insurance policy)
Law needs to be just and impartial (i.e. no exceptions for nobles)
Punishment needs to reflect the severity (or lack of) the crime, but always be humane
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36. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
The Social Contract
Members of society agree to be governed by the general will
Represents what is best for society as a whole

37. Rousseau, cont. Criticized education of the day
Argued for education of children
Teach what is interesting, and through a love of learning rather than through discipline
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38. Rousseau’s Philosophy (II)
Question Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?
As civilizations progress, they move away from morality.
Civilization itself leads away from true fundamentals.
Technology and art create false desires.
NO!

39. John Locke: Tabula Rasa
Environment plays major role in human development
Focused on the role of reason; believed reason was a gift from God
Morality a sense of experience, what is good and evil, rather than a religious code – it is relative, not absolute
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40. John Locke ( )
Influenced Enlightenment thinkers with his “tabula rasa” idea.
People under the right influence could create a new kind of society

41. John Locke’s Philosophy
There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings.
life, liberty, property!
The doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings was nonsense.
He favored a republic as the best form of government.

42. Cesare Beccaria 1738-1794 Italian, wrote, Crimes and Punishments
Focused on legal reform
Punishment should serve to deter more than as a payment for a crime
He wanted to abolish capital punishment, torture, and increase rehabilitation of criminals
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43. The American “Philosophes”
John Adams ( )
Thomas Jefferson ( )
Ben Franklin ( )
…...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...

44. Impact of the Enlightenment
Focus on secular, human improvement
Happiness is desirable and people have the right to be happy (“right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
Questioned social hierarchy, morals, role of education, impact of environment and sought to improve society as a whole
People became optimistic
Progress is possible
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45. Impact, cont.
Impact on politics more in eastern Europe, than in the west, where they began
Common reforms: law, education and religious toleration
East moved to make easier, and uniform law codes for all classes
Followed ideas of Beccaria
Jesuits had been biggest education influence; now the state had to replace this void
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46. Centers of the Enlightenment

47. The Legacy of the Enlightenment?
The democratic revolutions begun in America in 1776 and continued in Amsterdam, Brussels, and especially in Paris in the late 1780s, put every Western government on the defensive.
Reform, democracy, and republicanism had been placed irrevocably on the Western agenda.

48. The Legacy of the Enlightenment?
New forms of civil society arose –-- clubs, salons, fraternals, private academies, lending libraries, and professional/scientific organizations.
19c conservatives blamed it for the modern “egalitarian disease” (once reformers began to criticize established institutions, they didn’t know where and when to stop!)

49. The Legacy of the Enlightenment?
It established a materialistic tradition based on an ethical system derived solely from a naturalistic account of the human condition (the “Religion of Nature”).
Theoretically endowed with full civil and legal rights, the individual had come into existence as a political and social force to be reckoned with.