1. Chapter 17
Emerging Adulthood: Biosocial Development

2. Balance
Homeostasis
The adjustment of all the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium.
As the body ages, it takes longer for these adjustments to occur, so it becomes harder for older bodies to adapt to stress.
Nutrition and exercise underlie health at every age.

3. Growth and Strength
Muscle growth and fat accumulation continue into the early 20s, when women attain adult breast and hip size and men reach full shoulder width and upper-arm strength.
Death from disease almost never occurs during emerging adulthood.
By age 20, the immune system is well-developed

4. Growth and Strength Senescence
The process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient.
Begins in late adolescence

5. What Is Good emotional Health?

6. People who have awareness
Emotional Health
People who have awareness
Thoughts
Feelings
Behaviors

7. Emotional Health
They have learned healthy ways to cope with the stress and problems that are a normal part of life. They feel good about themselves and have healthy relationships.

8. Affects on Emotional Health
Being laid off from your job
Having a child leave or return home
Dealing with the death of a loved one
Getting divorced or married
Suffering an illness or an injury
Getting a job promotion
Experiencing money problems
Moving to a new home
Having a baby

9. Emotions affect on Health

10. Emotions affect on Health
Back pain
Change in appetite
Chest pain
Constipation or diarrhea
Dry mouth
Extreme tiredness
General aches and pains
Headaches
High blood pressure
Insomnia (trouble sleeping)
Lightheadedness
Palpitations (the feeling that your heart is racing)
Sexual problems
Shortness of breath
Stiff neck
Sweating
Upset stomach
Weight gain or loss

11. Affects on Health

12. Excercise Reduces blood pressure, strengthens the heart & lungs.
Makes depression, osteoporosis, heart disease, arthritis and some cancers less likely.
Those who are not fit during emerging adulthood are 4 times more likely to have diabetes and high blood pressure 15 years later.

13. Dieting

14. Appearance
Due to being in such good health, and past the awkward phase of puberty, those in emerging adulthood tend to look “vital and attractive”
Emerging adults usually exercise to “look better” not to have the better body
They work out to lose weight, not to have a stronger heart, or lungs
Desire for a nice appearance can be linked to sexual drive and desires
This desire is also linked to those seeking employment

15. Sexual Activity
Sexual reproductive system is strong in emerging adulthood
Fertility is high, miscarriage rate and serious birth complications are low
Most moms are under the age of 25
The survival of the child, the child survival rate peaking when the mother was between 18-25
These natural assets become probalmatic when the hormones want sex, but the person is not prepared children
There are many contraceptive options for both women and men who do not want to have a child
Today’s emerging adults (18-24 yrs) are more okay with the idea of sex before marriage than older citizens (65+)
Premarital sex can also cause disease and even distress

16. Emotional Stress Sexual activity can cause stress in relationships
Young adults have more sex and more partners, than those slightly older
Emerging adults in the US most commonly practice serial monogany, having one steady partner at a time
Even those who paricipate in casual sex, can want that attachment, resulting in “unanticipated emotional entanglement”
Reproduction - One fourth of all Americans believe sex is primarily for reproduction
Relationship - One half of all Americans believe sex is primarily for strengthing relationships, the dominant beliefs of emerging adults
These people usually fall in love, become faithful, have sex, and then think about marriage and creating a family
Recreation - One fourth of all Americans believe sex is primarily to cure sexual desires, and for enjoyment

17. Emotional Stress
Couples usually have the same view on the purpose of sex when they are from similar backgrounds (culture, religion, etc.)
The most comon practice is to have a number of sex partners in the late teens and early twenties, before setling down with a spouse, causing two people who may not agree on the purpopse of sex, to become partners and risk one feeling used or misled
The more the partners, the more commin the breakups, causing more stress for the person
Gender Identity
Male, female, transgender
Gay, straight, lesbian, bisexual, asexual
It can be difficult for someone to find the word to use to define themselves, causing stress for not only that person, but their relationships as well

18. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Also known as STIs
Have before more commin in today’s society
STI’s are often untreated due to there being no symptoms half of the time, and the need of lab tests to determinte if the infection is actually there; STIs can lead to infertility or death
The best prevention is lifelong, or even serial monogamy, as well as getting tested regulary if you are active in nonmonogamous sex

19. Psychopathology

20. First symptoms may occur in early childhood.
Symptoms worsen in adolescence and become evident in early childhood.
Emerging adults experience more of every diagnosed disorder than any older group, except for dementia.
The rate of serious mental illness is almost double for adults over 25.

21. Most psychologist’s and psychiatrist’s accept the diathesis-stress model which examines the effect of stress on the patient for a specific disorder.
Contributing Factors: genetic interactions, early childhood experiences, social circumstances.

22. Mood Disorders
8 % U.S. residents suffer from a mood disorder before they reach 30.
Mood disorders can often be treated with medication and therapy.
The social cost of a mood disorder is estimated to be higher than that of most physical illness’s
Mood disorders can prevent a person from fully functioning for decades.

23. Types of Mood disorders
Bipolar Disorders
associated with mood swings that range from the lows of depression to the highs of mania
Begins in childhood and becomes more severe in adulthood.
Bipolar disorder can affect the whole family.
Most people with bipolar disorder need to live in supervised environment.

24. Depression Is the most common mood disorder.
Shown by a loss of interests or pleasure in nearly all activities for 2 weeks or more
Trouble sleeping, concentrating, eating, carrying on friendships, and feeling hopeful are all attributes that depression patients have.
One quarter of people begin in adolescence, another quarter in young adulthood.
About half of depressed people have episodes of depressed people have episodes of depression all of their lives.

25. Contributing factors: imbalances in neurotransmitters and in hormones, stress, social factors.
Diathesis-stress model explains that problems that happen early on can cause a downward spiral later in life.
Younger people with psychological problems have fewer supportive friendships, this is shown to cause problems to sprout earlier in life.
Women at all ages are more depressed then men, but men are particularly vulnerable to the ups and downs of their love lives.

26. Affects every day life: higher education, vocational choices, and romantic commitments
People of all ages with depression believe nothing will help , and are very unlikely to seek treatment themselves.

27. Anxiety Disorders Seen in one-fourth of U.S. residents
Includes panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
According to the world health organization in anxiety disorders are more prevalent than depression
Age and genetic vulnerability shape the symptoms of anxiety disorder

28. PTSD
People who suffer from PTSD have it because a traumatic experience in their life such as a near death experience
Only 15 % of people experience such traumas in their lives.
Young adults are more likely to develop PTSD problems, and have a higher rate of experiencing them

29. Other types of Anxiety disorders
Social phobia: most common anxiety disorder
Is fear of talking to other people and coming in contact with them
In Japan there is a severe social phobia problem, they even have a name for it being “hikikomari” meaning pull away
The sufferer can be seen to stay in his or her room for 6 months or more

30. Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia includes becoming overwhelmed by disorganized and bizarre thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and emotions
About 1 percent of all adults experience schizophrenia
There have been studies that show that some cultures and contexts have a higher rate of schizophrenia

31. It is genetic however, most people with schizophrenia do not have other people in the family suffering from it
Besides genetics, malnutrition when the brain is developing, especially when a women is pregnant and is malnourished
Social pressure has been shown to contribute as well
Among immigrants, rates triple for young adults, especially when they don’t have family support
Most commonly diagnosed between the ages of 18 and 24.
Men who have no symptoms by age 35 almost never develop schizophrenia, but women have been shown to develop it at a later age

32. Fun Facts Where are the People with Schizophrenia? Approximately:
6% are homeless or live in shelters
6% live in jails or prisons
5% to 6% live in Hospitals
10% live in Nursing homes
25% live with a family member
28% are living independently
20% live in Supervised Housing (group homes, etc.)

33. Fun Facts After 10 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia:
25% Completely Recover
25% Much Improved, relatively independent
25% Improved, but require extensive support network
15% Hospitalized, unimproved
10% Dead (Mostly Suicide)
After 30 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia:
35% Much Improved, relatively independent
15% Improved, but require extensive support network
10% Hospitalized, unimproved
15% Dead (Mostly Suicide)

34. Good Health Habits
Chapter 17

35. Many emerging adults engage in adequate exercise, protecting their long-term health by so doing.
Ideally, they choose friends and neighborhoods that will keep them active.
Exercise

36. Exercise (cont.)
Young adults today can choose friends and communities that support staying active.
Friendship: People exercise more if their friends do so, too. Because social networks tend to shrink with age, adults need to maintain friendships that involve being active.
Communities: Health experts cite extensive research showing that community design can have a positive effect on the levels of obesity, hypertension, and depression.

37. Good exercise and eating habits established in young adulthood contribute greatly to overall health in middle age and beyond, while sedentary individuals are more likely to develop diabetes and high blood pressure.
Exercise (cont.)

38. Eating Well Good nourishment is important lifelong.
For body weight, there is a set point which makes people eat when they are hungry and stop eating when they are full.

39. The body mass index (BMI) indicates whether an adult is of normal weight or is too heavy or too light.
The BMIs of most emerging adults are normal, but some continue to display serious eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and others are obese.
Eating Well (cont.)

40. Eating Well (cont.)
Today’s emerging adults are fatter than those in the past.
Because they earn less money and healthy foods have become more expensive while unhealthy foods have become cheaper in the past 20 years.

41. Taking Risks
Risk taking increases during emerging adulthood, with the thrills of edgework.
Edgework: living on edge by skillfully managing stress and fear in order to attain some goal).
Many risks can have life-threatening consequences, including drug abuse and addiction, unprotected sex, and extreme sports.

42. Taking Risks (cont.)
Risk taking is common during young adulthood. Some risks are beneficial, others are not. In general, males take more risks than females.
Some choose edgework occupations- firefighting, for instance- that involve a degree of danger, others choose extreme sports because they are risky.

43. Drug Abuse
Emerging adults- especially those in college- have high rates of drug and alcohol abuse.
Drug abuse occurs whenever a person uses a drug that is harmful to physical, cognitive, or psychosocial well-being.

44. Drug abuse can lead to drug addiction: a condition of dependence in which the absence of a drug causes intense cravings for it in order to satisfy a need.
Drug Abuse (cont.)

45. Social Norms Social normals are powerful.
Knowledge about other’s behavior and attitudes may help reduce alcohol abuse and other problems.
Social Norms

46. Social Norms (cont.)
Social norms approach is an attempt to reduce risk taking by conducting surveys of emerging adults and using the results to make them aware of the prevalence of various behaviors.

47. Implications of Risks and Norms
Cultural as well as gender variations are evident in risk taking and violent death.
Social norms are particularly powerful during these years.

48. Implications of Risks and Norms (cont.)
These two facts can reduce the hazards of risk taking, a lesson applied on many college campuses.
Implications of Risks and Norms (cont.)

49. Summary
Good exercise and eating habits established in young childhood contribute greatly to overall health.
Risk taking is common during young adulthood.
Emerging adults have high rates of drug and alcohol abuse.
Social norms are powerful; knowing about other’s behavior may help reduce alcohol abuse and other problems.