1. “Basal” Asterids, Lamiids
Asterids – Part 1
“Basal” Asterids, Lamiids
Spring 2013

2. Fig. 8.1

3. Asterid characters Molecular data Sympetalous corollas
Epipetalous stamens
Number of stamens = number of
petals
Ovules with a single integument and a thin nucellus (reduction from two integuments and a thick nucellus)
Iridoid compounds

4. Asterid characters # stamens = # petals Unitegmic, tenuinucellate
ovules
Sympetaly and epipetalous stamens

5. Fig. 8.83

6. Asterid taxa “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales – dogwoods Lamiids
Order Ericales – azaleas, blueberries, cranberries
Lamiids
Order Solanales – potatoes, tomatoes, peppers
Order Gentianales – gentians, milkweeds, coffee
Order Lamiales – mints, olives, snapdragons
Campanulids
Order Apiales – ginseng, carrots, dill, parsley
Order Dipsacales – honeysuckle, elderberry
Order Asterales – bluebells, sunflowers
Core Asterids

7. Asterid taxa – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids Order Ericales Lamiids
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Lamiids
Order Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales
*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales
*Lamiaceae – mints
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition

8. “Basal” Asterids: Ericales: Ericaceae (The Heath or Blueberry Family)
Cosmopolitan; most diverse in montane habitats in E. Asia, E North America, S Africa, Australia. Favor acid soils; sunny or part-shaded habitats
Trees, shrubs, lianas, occasionally mycoparasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll; leaves usually alternate and spiral
Diversity: 4,100 species in 124 genera
Flowers: Often showy. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, connate forming a cylindrical to urn-shaped corolla; stamens (3) 8-10; anthers inverted, often with appendages, and poricidal dehiscence, pollen grains often in tetrads; carpels 2-10, connate, superior to inferior ovary; fruit a septic. or loculic. capsule, berry, drupe
Significant features: anthers often with poricidal dehiscence & sometimes with appendages; leaves often coriaceous
Special uses: blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium), Rhododendron and allies (Rhododendron, Erica, Kalmia, Pieris) are showy ornamentals
Family not required

9. Ericaceae anthers (Fig. 8.89)

10. Ericaceae: Rhododendron
-ecologically important in forests in
the Eastern U.S. and Eastern Asia
-the deciduous taxa are known as
azaleas

11. Sarraceniaceae—another origin of carnivory by pitchers

12. Asterid taxa – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids Order Ericales Lamiids
Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
Lamiids
Order Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds
Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales
*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales
*Lamiaceae – mints
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition

13. Asterids -- Lamiids: Gentianales: Apocynaceae (The Milkweed Family; incl. Asclepiadaceae)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; some in temperate regions
Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas, vines with laticifers and usually milky sap
Diversity: ca. 4,600 species in ca. 400 genera
Flowers: Sepals usu. 5; petals usu. 5, connate forming bell- funnel- or tubular-shaped corolla; stamens usually 5, filaments always adnate to the corolla, anthers distinct or connate and forming a ring to fused to the stylar head; staminal outgrowths (corona) often present and petal-like; carpels usually 2, connate by styles/stigmas only & ovaries distinct to fully connate, superior ovary; apex of style expanded and highly modified, forming a 5-sided stylar head, secreting viscin; fruits often paired, each ovary developing into a dry follicle, drupe or berry
Significant features: Usually opposite leaves; pollen in sticky masses (w/ viscin) or in pollinia; seeds flattened, often with a tuft of hairs
Special uses: Some chemical uses (e.g., Catharanthus, “Madagascar periwinkle”) and ornamentals (Asclepias, Vinca, Plumeria, Nerium)
Family required

14. paired
fruits
anther views
separate
ovaries
G: stylar head

15. Apocynaceae – Groups without pollinia
Vinca
Plumeria
Catharanthus
Apocynum
Thevetia
Nerium
oleander

16. corona
pair of pollinia

17. Apocynaceae with pollinia (Asclepiadoideae)
Ceropegia
Hoya
Calotropus
Asclepias
Stapelia

18. Apocynaceae: Asclepias
-plants herbaceous, stems erect
to leaning
-leaves usually opposite, sometimes
alternate or whorled
-inflorescence an umbel
-corona of 5 hooded fleshy bodies,
each usually with an incurved horn
but lacking a crest
-pollen in pollinia, the pollinia
suspended
-fruit a dry, ovoid or lanceolate
follicle, one of the pair often aborting

19. Asterids -- Lamiids: Gentianales: Rubiaceae (The Coffee or Madder Family)
Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the tropics and subtropical regions
Trees, shrubs lianas or herbs, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled
Diversity: Ca. 12,000 species in ca. 600 genera
Flowers: usually bisexual and radial; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, forming a funnel shaped corolla; stamens usually 4 or 5, adnate to corolla; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, drupe, or schizocarp
Significant features: interpetiolar stipules (connate stipules)
Special uses: Major commodity is coffee (Coffea); anti-malarial drug obtained from the bark of Cinchona (quinine); ipecac (make-U-vomit) comes from Psychotria; gardenias (Gardenia), Pentas, and Ixora provide ornamentals
Family not required

20. Rubiaceae
interpetiolar stipules

21. Rubiaceae
Pentas
Coffea
arabica

22. Asterids -- Lamiids: Solanales: Solanaceae (The Potato or Nightshade Family)
Widespread but most diverse in the neotropics
Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines; leaves alternate; often with a ‘solanaceous smell’
Diversity: 2,450 species in genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming variously tubular corolla, plicate (folded) ; stamens 5, filaments adnate to corolla, sometimes anthers connivant; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower; superior ovary; fruit usually a berry (occ. a capsule, schizocarp or nutlet)
Significant features: Complex chemistry with solanacous tropane alkaloids (belladonna/atropine, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.); stems with internal phloem
Special uses: Many fruits and vegetables (potatoes & tomatoes - Solanum, peppers - Capsicum), tobacco (Nicotiana), some ornamentals (Petunia)
Family required; required genus: Solanum

23. Solanaceae diversity

24. Solanaceae: Solanum -herbs or shrubs
-corolla regular, rotate, 5-merous,
deeply lobed
-anthers forming a tube around
the style (connivent), with terminal
openings; filaments short
-fruit a berry, usually 2-locular
-ca. 1,400 species, mostly tropical

25. Economic plants and products:
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
Edibles:
Cayenne pepper (Capsicum)
Eggplant (Solanum)
Green pepper (Capsicum)
Red pepper (Capsicum)
Potato (Solanum)
Tomato (Solanum)

26. Economic plants and products:
Solanaceae
Economic plants and products:
Medicinal/toxic plants
~ Alkaloids!
Belladona (Atropa)
Henbane (Hyoscyamus)
Jimson-weed (Datura)
Nightshade (Solanum)
Mandrake (Mandragora)
Tobacco (Nicotiana)

27. Fig. 8.83

28. Lamiales -gland-headed hairs -diacytic stomates
-oligosaccharides (instead of starch)
-anther anatomy
-protein inclusions in the nuclei of
mesophyll cells
-endosperm with a micropylar haustorium
-molecular data
-ca. 22 families and 20,000 species

29. Major Families of Lamiales
*Lamiaceae – mints
Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacs
Orobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdrops, Indian paintbrushes
Plantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains, penstemons
Scrophulariaceae – mulleins, figworts
*family required for recognition

30. Asterids -- Lamiids: Lamiales: Lamiaceae (The Mint Family; Labiatae)
Cosmopolitan
Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa
Diversity: Ca. 6,800 species in genera
Flowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate, bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2 ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to an often gynobasic, superior, often deeply 4-lobed ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or drupelets
Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into pseudowhorls (verticillasters)
Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil (Basilicum), peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus); teak wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa)
Family required

31. Lamiaceae From Zomlefer Corolla: zygomorphic sympetalous bilabiate
Stamens:
4, didynamous
epipetalous
Ovary:
2-carpellate
deeply 4-lobed
4 locules
Gynobasic style
Schizocarp (4 nutlets)
Square stems (herbaceous taxa)
Opposite leaves
Inflorescence: false whorls (verticils or verticillasters)
Stachys floridana

32. Lamiaceae Nepeta Phytostegia Rosmarinus Monarda Clinopodium
Note verticillate whorls
of flowers at each node
Nepeta
Phytostegia
Ocimum
Rosmarinus
Monarda
Clinopodium

33. Economic plants and products:
Lamiaceae
Economic plants and products:
Condiments & perfumes:
Basil (Ocimum)
Lavender (Lavandula)
Oregano (Origanum)
Peppermint (Mentha)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus)
Sage (Salvia)
Spearmint (Mentha)
Thyme (Thymus)
Mentha

34. Economic plants and products:
Lamiaceae
Economic plants and products:
Ornamental plants:
Beautyberry (Callicarpa)
Coleus (Coleus)
Salvia (Salvia)

35. Other interesting Lamiales
Orobanchaceae
(hemi- and holoparasitic
plants)
Oleaceae
(olive family)
lilac
Conopholis
(parasitic
on oaks)
ash
olives
Castilleja (often parasitizes
grasses and various forbs
Pedicularis (often
parasitizes the heath family)

36. Other cool Lamiales Bignoniaceae Lentibulariaceae –
more carnivorous plants
Gesneriaceae