1. Respiratory System Comparative Anatomy Tony Serino, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Misericordia Univ.

2. Respiration External Respiration Internal Respiration
The exchange of gas between the blood and external environment (usually includes ventilation)
Internal Respiration
The exchange of gas between the blood and the tissues
Cellular Respiration
Burning of fuel to produce energy within cells
Ventilation (Breathing)
Movement of air in and out of the lungs

3. Gills

6. Counter Current Exchange

9. Terrestrial Respiratory Organs
Divided into:
Upper Respiratory Tract
Includes: nostrils (nares), nasal cavity, and nasopharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Includes: larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Conducting Air passages include: nares to terminal bronchioles
Move air to respiratory membrane
Condition the air
Moisten, Warm, Clean

10. Upper Respiratory Tract

11. Beginning of Lower Respiratory Tract

12. Larynx

13. Vocal Cords

15. Syrinx

16. Trachea

17. Trachea (x.s.)

18. Mucous Membrane (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

19. Bronchi Primary bronchi lead to to each lung (left and right)
Secondary (lobar) bronchi lead to each lung lobe (3 on right and 2 on left)

20. Lobes of Right Lung

21. Lobes of Left Lung

22. Bronchi Branches Tertiary Bronchi Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi lead to each lung broncho-pulmonary segment
Bronchi continue to divide at least 20 more times.

23. Bronchioles Air passages less than 1 mm in diameter are bronchioles.
The terminal bronchioles are the last of the purely conducting air passages.

24. Alveoli highly specialized for Gas Exchange
Lots of Surface Area
Highly vascular
Thin walls

25. Lung Tissue

26. Alveolus

27. Pressures affecting Breathing

29. Pressure changes around lung

30. Only used during rapid breathing.
CO2 plasma provides stimulus for breathing

31. Simple Sac
Septate
Parabronchial
Alveolar

34. Parabronchi

36. Air Flow in Bird Lung