1. India & the Indian Ocean Basin
AP World History
D.Klinect

2. Key Concept 3.1: Expansion & intensification of communication and exchange networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
III. Cross‐cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.

3. Key Concept 3.2: Continuity & innovation of state forms and their interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged.

4. Coming into India from the north through the Khyber Pass were numbers of invaders, including Alexander the Great, nomadic Turks, and Muslims.
Muslim traders began to establish small communities in the major cities on the west coast of India and soon the Turkish migrants and some Indians began to convert to Islam.
Invasion!

5. Then in the 1200’s Mahmud of Ghazni invaded northern India and established control over the area.
Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan
Raids into India,
Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples
Often builds mosques atop ruins
His successors expanded that territory and it became an Islamic state known as the Delhi Sultanate. Ruled northern India
Mahmud of Ghazni

7. The south of India remained Hindu and relatively free of Muslim influence although politically divided.
The large Chola kingdom (850‐1297 C.E.) conquered Ceylon and dominated the waters of the South China Sea.
Maritime power
Not highly centralized
Southern India

8. In 1336 two Indian brothers established the Vijayanager kingdom (1336‐1565 C.E.), covering much of the same territory.
Although the brothers were originally Muslim, they converted to their Hindu faith and the south remained Hindu.
Southern India

10. The impact of the monsoons
One of the greatest influences on India was not a person but nature in the form of the monsoons.
These spring and summer rains bring the water India needs, and the development of reservoirs and canals used to store and transport this water led to huge population growth and, with it, urban growth.
The impact of the monsoons

12. Trade in metals, spices and crops first developed internally in southern India.
Iron, copper, salt, pepper
The Hindu temples operated not only as religious centers but also as tax collectors and banks helped propel this expansion.
Trade in India

13. The evolving Caste System
The caste system played a part in trade by helping immigrants find a place in society.
Trade boosted expansion of the caste system, creating new sub castes (jatis) for the new professions and people.
The evolving Caste System

14. Indian Ocean Trade Network
The trade in the Indian Ocean basin was linked to this internal trade as part of a vast trade network.
Establishment of emporia
Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade
Larger ships
Dhows, junks
The trade in the basin was multi‐product and cross‐cultural, including silk from China, spices from Southeast Asia, cotton from India, horses from Arabia, and gold and slaves from East Africa.
Indian Ocean Trade Network

15. Religious Divisions in India
Religiously India was split between the Muslims in the north and the Hindus in the south.
The Sufi missionaries allowed the old rituals and the bhakti movement tried to bring Islam and Hinduism together.
Growth of devotional cults
Especially Vishnu, Shiva
Decline of Buddhism
Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples
1196, Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda
Thousands of monks exiled
Religious Divisions in India

16. Devotional Philosophers
Shankara, brahmin philosopher of ninth century C.E.
Devotee of Shiva
Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form
Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion
Ramanuja, brahmin philosopher eleventh to early twelfth century
Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on logic
Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism
Devotional Philosophers

17. Twenty-five million converts by 1500 (quarter of total population)
Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus
Rarely achieved: whole castes or jati convert, social status remains consistent
Conversion to Islam

18. Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together
Twelfth-century southern Hindu movement, spread to north
Guru Kabir ( )
Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one deity
Largely unsuccessful
The Bhakti Movement

21. Indian influence in SE Asia
Indian influence reached into Southeast Asia in a number of ways.
Merchants spread the Muslim and Hindu religions, the Funan of the Mekong River area adopted Sanskrit, and the city of Angkor reflected a Hindu world view.
Islam was spread by the Sufis and eventually Melaka became the most powerful Islamic state in the fifteenth century.
Indian influence in SE Asia