1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 16. India and The Ocean Basin

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 India after the Fall of The Gupta Dynasty White Huns (Central Asia) invasion, 451 CE Gupta State collapsed mid-6 th c. Chaos in northern India –Local power struggles –Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 King Harsha (r. 606-648 CE) Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant Generous support for poor Patron of the arts Assassinated, no successor able to retain control

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Islam invaded Northern India Islam invaded Northern India Arabs conquer Sind (north-west India), 711 Multi-faith population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Merchants and Islam Arabic trade with India predates Islam Dominated trade between India and the west Established Arab communities in India

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Mahmud of Ghazni Raided into India, 1001-1027 Plundered, destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples –Often built mosques atop ruins

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The Sultanate of Delhi Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory Capital: Delhi Ruled northern India 1206-1526 Weak administrative structure –Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings 19 out of 35 Sultans assassinated

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India Chola Kingdom, 850- 1267 –Maritime power –Not highly centralized Kingdom of Vijayanagar –Northern Deccan –Originally supported by Sultanate of Delhi –Leaders renounce Islam in 1336 –Yet maintain relations with Sultanate

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Agriculture in the Monsoon World Spring/summer: rains, wind from south-west Fall/winter: dry season, wind from north-east Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine –Especially southern India Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Lake Bhopal Built in 1000

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E.

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Trade and Economic Development in Southern India Indian regional economies largely self- sufficient Certain products traded throughout subcontinent –Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profited from political instability in north

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Temples: social centers religious activities Also irrigation coordination, other agricultural work –Some Temples had large landholdings Provided education Banking services

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin Trade increased Larger ships –Dhows, junks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cnj1h_tM1 w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cnj1h_tM1 w Improved agricultural organization Establishment of “Emporia” –Cosmopolitan port cities served as trade warehouses Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel)

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Junk and Dhow

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 The Kingdom of Axum Trade-driven development Founded 1 st c. CE –Adopted Christianity Displaced Kush as Egyptian link to the south – destroyed Kushan capital Meroë c. 360 CE –Major territorial expansion to late 6 th c.

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Challenges to Caste and Society Migrations Growth of Islam Urbanization Economic development –Development of Jati (subcastes) –Similar to worker’s guilds Caste system expands from north to south Promoted by Temples, educational system

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Decline of Buddhism Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples 1196 Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda –Thousands of monks exiled

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Development of Hinduism Growth of devotional cults –Esp. Vishnu, Shiva Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Devotional Philosophers Shankara, Brahmin philosopher of 9 th c. CE –Devotee of Shiva –Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form –Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion Ramanuja, Brahmin philosopher 11 th -early 12 th c. –Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on intellect –Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Conversion to Islam 25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total population) Possibilities of social advancement for lower- caste Hindus –Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, social status remains same

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Sufis Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 The Bhakti Movement Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together 12 th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north Guru Kabir (1440-1518) –Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one Deity –Largely unsuccessful

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Islam in Southeast Asia Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 State of Melaka Founded late 14 th c. CE by rebellious prince of Sumatra Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-15 th c. converts to Islam