1. India & the Indian Ocean Basin

2. Introduction Indian Ocean stories included visions of vast wealth through maritime trade India was a distinct land w/ its own customs, while connected to a larger world of trade & communication from E. Africa – SE Asia & China (economic integration) Port cities, network of sea-lanes & trading posts India influenced SE Asia (not as dominantly as China in E. Asia) Adopted Indian political organization Hinduism & Buddhism spread (& Islam later) India was politically disunited, but culturally united through Hinduism (although Islam spreads there)

4. India’s Muslim & Hindu Kingdoms India was politically divided from the end of the Gupta (mid- 6 th century from White Hun pressure) until the Mughals united most of the subcontinent in the 16 th century Northern India Local rivals & Turkish invasions – disrupted society while nomadic groups integrated into the caste system Harsha – temporarily restored unified rule in northern India during the 7 th century (even ambassadors w/ Tang China); Buddhist, but had religious tolerance; free health care; supported scholars & literature; no heir → disintegrated

5. Spread of Islam 814

6. Islam Expansion

7. India’s Muslim & Hindu Kingdoms (cont.) Islam in Northern India Sind (Indus River Valley) conquered by Umayyad, but population remained Hindu & Buddhist w/ local rule Merchants spread Islam through settling in port cities Turkish invasion – Mahmud of Ghazni Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) – mostly local Hindu princes who reported back to Islamic gov’t at Delhi Southern India Mainly regional Hindu rulers, but less warfare than north Chola (850 – 1267) – navy & dominated trade in Indian Ocean; decentralized gov’t led to collapse (local autonomy w/ tribute) Vijayanagar (1336-1565 in Deccan) – Hindu w/ Muslim trade

10. Indian Ocean Basin - Agriculture Trade increased during the postclassical period because agricultural production increased, but the caste system remained the most powerful organizing feature of India Agriculture & the Monsoon The monsoon required careful agricultural planning to avoid drought & famine Southern India utilized dams, reservoirs, canals, wells & tunnels to irrigate the land dependent on summer monsoon Population grew from 53 million in 600 to 105 million by 1500 Urbanization – Delhi had 400,000 during the 14 th century, many other trading ports over 100,000

11. India’s Trade & Economic Development Internal Trade Regions were self-sufficient w/ staples of rice, wheat, barley & millet, but specialty crops only grew in certain regions Ganges Valley – iron; Deccan plateau – copper; Coastal – salt; Southern – pepper, saffron & sugar; southern areas benefited more from trade (war disrupted northern areas while Chola had stability) Cross-Cultural Trade/External Trade Used monsoon winds even in classical period, but increasingly went away from shorelines w/ monsoon predictability Dhows & junks – larger ships enabled larger cargoes (especially after Song Dynasty advancements – 1000 tons of cargo) India was central to Indian Ocean trade – Cambay, Calicut & Quilon became cosmopolitan centers of port city trade

12. Specialized Production in the Indian Ocean Basin East Africa SW AsiaIndiaSE AsiaChina Gold Ivory Slaves Incense Horses Dates Cotton textiles Carpet weaving Sugar refining Leather tanning Stone carving Iron & steel production Spices Silk Porcelain Lacquer ware

14. Indian Ocean Dhow

16. Chinese Junk

17. Zheng He’s Ship – Chinese Junk

19. Hinduism’s postclassical influence Temples served as economic & social centers – owned agricultural lands & provided employment, organized community agriculture, maintained surpluses, schooling for boys, kept order, delivered tax receipts to Chola, served as bankers & investors; i.e., crucial to economic health of India Caste & Society – the caste system has been adjusted & adapted to accommodate migrations → increasingly complex & helped to maintain order in a society w/o strong centralized gov’ts Jati (subcastes) often took the form of workers’ guilds and enjoyed political & economic influence Caste system increased in southern India during the postclassical period through powerful temples & increased internal trade w/ northern India

20. India’s postclassical religions Hindu & Islamic traditions increased, while Jainism & Buddhism lost followers during the postclassical period Buddhist decline was hastened by Turkish invaders in the north when stupas & libraries were destroyed Hinduism - pantheon of gods & spirits; predominant religion of the southern areas Shiva & Vishnu became cult deities which promised salvation Shankara (9 th century) – only disciplined logical reasoning would lead to Brahman Ramanuja – intellectual efforts less important than personal union with the deity w/ emphasis on Vishnu

21. Shiva as the four-armed lord of dancers – Shiva crushes a dwarf demon symbolizing ignorance

22. India’s postclassical religions (cont.) Islam – strict monotheism; predominantly in northern areas By 1500, ¼ of the population even though conquerors offered little incentive to convert (never given high gov’t posts) – mostly because lower castes hoped to escape discrimination (although in vain) Sufis emphasized piety & devotion in India (therefore, similar to Hinduism) Bhakti (12 th century in southern India) – tried to combine Hindu & Muslim – Shiva, Vishnu & Allah were all manifestations of a universal deity, but was unsuccessful

24. India’s influence in SE Asia Merchants introduced Hinduism, Buddhism, Sanskrit writings, Indian political organization (loose) & later, Islam Did not incorporate the caste system Continued to venerate indigenous deities & nature spirits SE Asian rulers consolidated power through trade Exporting: pearls, aromatics & animals skins Importing: textiles, gold, silver & metal goods

25. Funan (1 st – 6 th ) Srivijaya (7 th – 11 th ) Singosari (13 th ) Angkor (9 th – 15 th ) Majapahit (14 th ) Melaka (15 th ) PKingdom E Agri. based & controlled trade controlled trade Agri. based controlled trade RHinduBuddhism Blended H, B & nature BuddhismHinduH → Islam I/A Extensive irrigation system Powerful navy Angkor Thom & Wat Powerful navy & mosques N Mekong Delta SumatraJavaCambodiaJavaMelaka Southeast Asia Postclassical

28. Angkor Wat, Cambodia

29. Schwedagon Pagoda, Myanmar