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Ming & Qing Dynasties
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Ming Dynasty
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Ming Dynasty The end of the Yuan saw rapid inflation, corruption of the Tibetan clergy who controlled the Chinese clergy and interfered in political affairs, and rebellions of the exploited Chinese population against Mongol and other foreign officials. One of the rebellions attracted the poor monk Zhu Yuanzhang ( ) who later became the head of a rebel army and successfully fought against the Mongols as well as other contenders for power. He founded the Ming dynasty and became known as Emperor Hongwu.
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Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Founded by a peasant, Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398)
aka Emperor Hongwu
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Hongwu Led revolt against the Yuan Dynasty Paranoid by end of rule
Creates laws to improve peasant lives Didn’t encourage trade Strict Confucian Increases status of military/ strengthens the military Centralizes government- eliminates high officials and replaces with mandarins and eunuchs
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Yonglo (The Yongle Emperor): Hongwu’s son
Moves the capital to Beijing Launches exploration 7 voyages under Zheng He, Muslim Admiral 1st in 1405 Voyages end due to influence of officials worried about barbarians to the north and cost 1433 China withdrawals into isolation
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Late Ming Jesuits- Matteo Ricci - 1500’s
Tries to convert Emperor Wanli Pope and Emperor hinder efforts
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Rise of Qing Qing- pure Qing were Manchus, not Han Chinese
17th century expansion
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Rise of Qing 1644- control Beijing 1644-90- South China and Taiwan
Central Asia- largest country in the world Rise of Qing
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Qing Political Organization
Separation of Manchu and Han All high government positions to the Manchus No intermarriage is allowed Han had to adopt the Manchu haircut as a sign of submission. “Queue” front and top shaved and grown long in back Han scholar gentry still in bureaucracy Civil Service Exams become more competitive
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Qing Political Organization
Very Centralized Government Emperor becomes known as “Son of Heaven” Secluded life “Theater State”- ritual, pomp, emphasizes glory of ruler
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Two Important Qing Emperors
Kangxi ( )- talented general, expands empire, manages economy well Qianlong ( )- ECONOMY!!! Cancels tax collection four times during his rule China is well organized with an influence in most of Asia after these two emperors
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Economy Under the Qing Based on agriculture
Intensive, high yield methods Rice, Millet, Wheat Enhanced by American crops by way of the Philippines- Maize, Sweet Potatoes, Peanuts Made use of previously unusable land Leads to population growth Supports a large labor force and trade Trade Chinese luxury goods for American Silver Silk, Porcelain, Tea Focus on human labor for production Ignores technology in preference for human labor
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Social Aspects of the Qing Dynasty
Increase in patriarchy during Qing Preference for male children- exam system Widows encouraged to commit suicide Foot binding becomes more popular Women can not divorce, but men can for adultery or disobedience
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Foot Binding
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Foot Binding
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