1. EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2011

2. Important Dates Friday, March 28 – In library working on portfolio.
April SBA Testing
April 17 - Chapter 13 Test
April 18 - Last Work Day in Library
May 5 – Chapter 14 Test
May 7 and 8 - Portfolio Presentations/ Last day for seniors.

3. Psychological Disorders Chapter 13

4. “The sun shines and warms and lights us and we have no curiosity to know why this is so, but we ask the reason of all evil, of pain, and hunger, and unusual people.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

5. Psychological Disorders
Why are we fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, and the abnormal?
During various moments we feel, think, and act like an abnormal individual.
Psychological disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts.
To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal.
William James ( )

6. Defining Psychological Disorders
Psychological disorders are persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.
What is the difference between the normal emotional stress of life and a disorder? What is the difference between sadness and depression?
Preview Question 1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?

7. Dysfunctional – The disability prohibits a normal, healthy life.
Deviant - A behavior that is not considered as culturally normal. (killing humans or animals, hearing voices)
Distressful – The disability causes great pain, anxiety, or sorrow; acute physical or mental suffering.
Dysfunctional – The disability prohibits a normal, healthy life.

8. Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional
In the Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal.
Carol Beckwith

9. Understanding Psychological Disorders
Ancient Treatments – Anything abnormal was credited to the supernatural (stars, gods, evil spirits).
Medical Model - Philippe Pinel ( ) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind.
Preview Question 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders?
John W. Verano
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

10. The Biopsychosocial Approach
Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.
Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa occur only in western cultures.
Susto - Severe anxiety due to black magic, is only found in Latin American Countries.
Taijin-kyofusho – Social anxiety disorder causing uncontrollable blushing only occurs in Japan.

11. Classifying Psychological Disorders
DSM - The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Preview Question 3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders?

13. Labeling Psychological Disorders
Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize individuals.
Preview Question 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
Elizabeth Eckert, Middletown, NY. From L. Gamwell and
N. Tomes, Madness in America, Cornell University Press.
Asylum baseball team (labeling)

14. Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Anxiety Disorders
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Preview Question 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears?

15. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Symptoms
Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension.
2. Autonomic arousal.
3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings.

16. Panic Disorder Symptoms
Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It occurs more in the panic disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it.

17. Phobias
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.

18. Kinds of Phobias Social Phobia
Agoraphobia
Phobia of open places.
Acrophobia
Phobia of heights.
Claustrophobia
Phobia of closed spaces.
Hemophobia
Phobia of blood.

19. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

20. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
Bettmann/ Corbis

21. Resilience to PTSD
Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.
Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations.
All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the growth of an individual.

22. Somatoform Disorders – Psychological disorder in which symptoms take a physical form without apparent physical cause.
Conversion Disorder – A Somatoform Disorder in which the symptom is very specific.
Hypochondriasis – People interpret normal sensations as forms of dreaded diseases.

23. Dissociative Disorders
Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Symptoms
Preview Question 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
Having a sense of being unreal.
2. Being separated from the body.
3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.

24. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Lois Bernstein/ Gamma Liason
Chris Sizemore (DID)

25. Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms.
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
Preview Question 9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take?

26. Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).
Blue mood
Major Depressive Disorder
Gasping for air after a hard run
Chronic shortness of breath

27. Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
Signs include:
Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family & friends
Loss of interest in activities

28. Inability to make decisions
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
Manic Symptoms
Gloomy
Elation
Withdrawn
Euphoria
Inability to make decisions
Desire for action
Tired
Hyperactive
Slowness of thought
Multiple ideas

29. Bipolar Disorder
Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase.
Whitman
Wolfe
Clemens
Hemingway
George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
The Granger Collection
Bettmann/ Corbis

30. Schizophrenia
The literal translation is “split mind” which refers to a split from reality. A group of severe disorders characterized by the following:

31. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Delusions – A fixed belief in something despite conflicting evidence
Hallucinations – Perceiving things that are not there.
Disorganized Thinking/ Speech – Inability to stay on topic or speech is incoherent.

32. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior (Including Catatonia) – this could range to childlike sillyness to unpredictable agitation

33. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)
Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
Preview Question 11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia?

34. Disorganized & Delusional Thinking
This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.”
(Sheehan, 1982)
This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions (“I’m Mary Poppins”).
Other forms of delusions include, delusions of persecution (“someone is following me”) or grandeur (“I am a king”).

35. Disturbed Perceptions
A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently such hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.
Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg

36. Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (flat affect).
Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia).

37. Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.

38. Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms.
When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms.

39. Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions.
Preview Question 13: What characteristics are typical of personality disorders?

40. Antisocial Personality Disorder
A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.

41. Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder
Like mood disorders and schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder has biological and psychological reasons. Youngsters, before committing a crime, respond with lower levels of stress hormones than others do at their age.

42. Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder
PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study, repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Courtesy of Adrian Raine,
University of Southern California
Normal
Murderer

43. Rates of Psychological Disorders
The prevalence of psychological disorders during the previous year is shown below (WHO, 2004).

44. Types of Personality Disorders
Paranoid P.D.
Schizoid P.D.
Schizotypal P.D.
Antisocial P.D.
Borderline P.D.
Histrionic P.D.
Narcissistic P.D.
Avoidant P.D.
Dependent P.D.
Obsessive-compulsive P.D.
Personality Change due to Another Medical Condition.
Other