1. Erosion and Wind

2. Erosion
Plate tectonics are not the only forces transforming the Earth’s landscape. Another such force is erosion

3. Erosion is the wearing away of rocks and soil
by water, wind and certain human activities.
Erosion results in the flattening of landforms.

4. There are three stages of erosion
Weathering –Fragmenting (breaking down) of the surface rocks.
Transportation – Rock fragments are carried by runoff water and wind. Erosion is compounded by the abrasive power of fragments transported by the water.

5. Sedimentation – The fragments suspended in the water, or transported by glaciers or wind, accumulate and are compacted at the bottom of the oceans. They also accumulate in valleys and plains.
Plants can help slow down the process: their roots hold the soil in place. This can also prevent landslides.

6. In addition – there are three categories of erosion:
Biological – caused by living organisms. Ex – decomposition of living things can create an acid which attack rocks. Ex – Tree roots infiltrate rocks and ultimately break them down.

7. Mechanical – caused by variations in temperature, pressure, wind, and water Ex Niagara Falls which recedes 3 m every year because the water wears down the rock.

8. Chemical Erosion – Rain can become acidic because of pollutants and it chemically changes certain minerals in the soil such as limestone. This process gradually destroys rocks. Ex – Acid rain can alter the surface of public statues.

9. Wind
Prevailing winds are not distributed evenly over the Earth’s surface. Two factors explain their particular distribution: Convection cells and Coriolis Effect

10. 1. Convection cells – when air warms up, it increases in volume and rises. This creates a low-pressure area on the ground below it. Colder air thus rushes in to replace the air that has risen.

11. The warm air moves and is cooled, bringing it down to the surface again. The hot air mass and the cold air mass are constantly in motion. The looping movements are called convection cells. See page 338 for diagram. On a smaller scale, convection is used as a means to heat houses.

12. 2. Coriolis Effect – as the Earth rotates from west to east, it diverts air masses in the atmosphere to the right (Northern Hemisphere) or to the left (Southern Hemisphere). This is called the Coriolis Effect.

13. This movement produces the trade winds (equator and tropics), prevailing west wind (middle latitudes), and polar east wind (polar regions)