1. defined
Genetic change in a species over time; aka: descent with modification
populations evolve, NOT individuals
occurs over generations
not: purposeful, always happening
may be slow – gradualism or in big jumps – punctuated equilibrium
based on factual evidence
the unifying THEORY of biology

2. Theories are scientific explanations
a scientific THEORY
Theories are scientific explanations
Formulated using logic and reasoning
Explain diverse & extensive phenomena
Theories are cohesive, tying together facts
Cell Theory
Atomic Theory
Gravitational Theory
Plate tectonic Theory
etc

3. Fossils
Extinction = change
Coelacanth
Archaeopteryx
Crinoids

4. Faunal Succession Historical record of life on Earth Patterns:
Cells: prokaryotes (bacteria) -> eukaryotes (w/nucleus)
Plants: mosses -> ferns -> seeds -> flowers
Animals: soft-body -> exoskeleton -> cartilage -> bone -> legs -> shelled eggs -> wings & fur
Aquatic -> terrestrial (-> aquatic)

5. Artificial selection
Diversity within a species as a result of selective breeding
different breed, same species
genus Capsicum
from wolf to dog

6. Homology Similar patterns in structure indicate a shared ancestor
Variations on a plan
Similar patterns in structure indicate a shared ancestor
function may vary between species 1 2
many
jointed
(as opposed to analogous structures: similar function, different form)

7. Homology Homologous structures are evidence of Divergent evolution
descendants of a common ancestor; varied adaptations in response to different environmental conditions/pressure
Analogous wings – totally different design - indicate convergent evolution

8. Homology A C B Who is most closely related?
Who shares a more recent ancestor? A C B

9. Homology homologous structures analogous structures
agave agave
aloe agave
divergent evolution
convergent evolution
common ancestor

10. Vestigial structures Homologous structures no longer used
Remnants from the ancestor
whales and snakes have legs??

11. Embryology Another homology
Salamander
Tortoise
Chicken
Human
Rabbit
Fish
Cow
Pig
Embryology
Another homology
The more closely related, the more developmental similarities
Why?
more DNA in common & DNA controls development 1 2 3

12. DNA similarities Related species share genes, sequences, mutations
Similar = recent common ancestor
Different = more distant common ancestor
green = same nucleotide

13. Designs/processes common to all organisms
Molecular
Designs/processes common to all organisms
Cellular design & function
DNA for heredity
same components, design
DNA & cell replication
DNA makes protein
Glucose to ATP for fuel

14. Evolution today Change via selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Bacterial populations evolve in response to antibiotics
Antibiotic Apocalypse

15. return to ocean for food ‘form follows function’:
Case study : whales
terrestrial ancestor
return to ocean for food
‘form follows function’:
feet webbed
legs reduced
hair reduced
body elongated
nose moved to top of head

16. vestigial* pelvis, leg bones
Case study : whales
homologous forelimbs
vestigial* pelvis, leg bones
Ancestral trait no longer used
Continues to be inherited so long as it doesn’t reduce survival

17. Fish Mammal Case study : whales smooth streamlined fins/flippers
gills
eggs
swim side to side
Mammal
Convergent evolution
lungs
live birth
swim up and down

18. “Just a Theory?“
No way!
Implies a guess, idea, or hypothesis
Theory is science’s explanation of a large set of facts
What’s missing? Need a process that explains how the changes happen
the work of Darwin, Wallace, & many others

19. Use data to generate a phylogenetic tree
maps out the relationships between species based on DNA, protein, structural comparisons
closely related
distantly related
Common ancestor

20. similarity table
from Darwin’s notebook…
cladogram

21. Merged with modern understanding of molecular
Taxonomic groups
‘Old school’ classification based on structural similarities (homologies)
Merged with modern understanding of molecular
homologies

22. For the skeptics http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-fact.htm
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