1. Enlightenment II
How did the Enlightenment thinkers impact the politics of Western Europe?

2. DO NOW
Read the quote below and paraphrase what you think it means: “Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers.” How does the quote represent the thinking of the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution?

3. Directions: Read about the different philosophers. Annotate by:
-Underline key ideas and theories + Circle words you don’t understand
-* for agreements and write why
-? For question marks and write your question
-Paraphrase what the “Thinker” believes your government should do

4. Voltaire France Famous Work: Candide, 1762
Well Known Ideas: Freedom of Expression/Freedom of Speech

5. Candide - Voltaire
“I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.” __________________________________________________________________ It is forbidden to kill; therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets.

6. Candide - Voltaire
"Work keeps at bay three great evils: boredom, vice, and need." ______________________________________________________________ Every man is guilty of all the good he did not do.

7. John Locke https://vimeo.com/57723506 Location: England
Famous Writing: Two Treatsies of Government, 1690
Well known Ideas:
Government should protect people’s Natural Rights (life, liberty, property)
Government should be based on the Consent of the Governed (people should give permission to the government through voting)

8. John Locke
Nature Rights: Humans have rights in “nature” Man created government to protect those rights
Life – right to live and be safe
Liberty – be free of others control, make your own decisions, live as you please
Property – to work, own land, tools, and money to survive

9. John Locke Religious, but thinks BLIND FAITH is DANGEROUS
Believed in reason and examination of evidence that scientists used
Popular book – Two Treatises of Government
Explains Locke’s view on the purpose of government and natural rights of people
Influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence

11. TWO TREATSIES OF GOVERNMENT - 1690 - John Locke
If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions [things that he owns], whywill he give up his freedom? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. Since every man is equal and since most men do not concern themselves with equity and justice, the enjoyment of rights in the state of nature is unsafe and insecure. Hence each man joins in society with others to preserve his life, liberty, and property.

12. ...as far as we have any light from history, we have reason to conclude, that all peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in the consent of the people. _________________________________________________________ [When] the legislature shall grasp [for] themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates of the people, they forfeit [give up] the power the people had put into their hands for and it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty

13. Montesquieu France Work: The Spirit of Laws, 1748
Well Known Idea: Separation of Powers – There should be three branches of government – one that makes laws, one that enforces laws, and one that interprets laws
Book was banned by the Catholic Church, but popular among opponents of absolute monarchy
Heavily influenced the US Constitution

15. The Spirit of Laws - Montesquieu
Political liberty is to be found only in moderate governments; and even in these it is not always found. It is there only when there is no abuse of power: but constant experience shows us that every man invested with power is apt to abuse it, and to carry his authority as far as it will go. To prevent this abuse, it is necessary, from the very nature of things, that power should be a check to power...In order to have this liberty, it is requisite [required] the government be so constituted [created] as one man need not be afraid of another. When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government employees], there can be no liberty Again, there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive…

16. Rousseau Switzerland/France Work: The Social Contract
Well Known Ideas – Social Contract Theory
Inspired the French Revolution
Rousseau argues that as members of a society we enter an agreement, the social contract, in which we promise to  follow the “general will” of the members of the society as expressed by the laws made by the government. In exchange, we receive the liberty to do what we want as long as we do not break those laws.

19. The Social Contract - Rousseau
I...regard the establishment of the political body as a real contract between the people and the chiefs chosen by them: a contract by which both parties bind themselves to observe the laws therein expressed, which form the ties of their union. __________________________________________________________ From whatever side we approach our principle, we reach the same conclusion, that the social compact [contract] sets up among the citizens an equality of such a kind, that they all bind themselves to observe the same conditions and should therefore all enjoy the same rights.