1. AND ELEMENTS OF MACHINES
UNIT 10
SIMPLE MACHINES
AND ELEMENTS OF MACHINES
TECNOLOGIA INDUSTRIAL 1 BATXILLERAT

2. Mechanical systems
A machine is a system that is formed of one or more mechanical subsystems with
moving parts, and sometimes by other subsystems (electrical, electronic, optical, etc.), and that is designed to carry out a given task normally concerned with carrying
out work or transforming energy.
A mechanism is a set of mechanical elements that carries out guiding and
transmission functions related to the movements and forces within a machine.
Statics: the analysis of aspects related to the equilibrium of applied forces.
Kinematics: studies the equilibrium of applied forces.
Dynamics: the analysis of forces and the consequent movements.
Mechanics

3. Statics of machines (I)
Equilibrium of a material point (particle)
Newton's first law: when the sum of the forces acting on a body is zero, the body remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line.
Equilibrium of a rigid solid
A rigid solid is a body of a given mass in which the distance between any two points does not vary regardless of the applied forces.
Moment of a force with respect to a point:

4. Statics of machines (II)
Couple of forces
Two forces of parallel but opposite direction, equidistant from a point O, generate a moment about the point O called a moment of a couple of forces (Γ) or simply couple.
Free body diagram
The free body diagram is a drawing of the body being studied isolated from the rest of the bodies with which it is in contact..

5. Simple machines (I) Lever Inclined plane
A lever is a rigid bar that rests on a point of support or fulcrum.
Lever rule:
Inclined plane
δ: rolling coefficient in m.
F: force to be applied in the centre of the wheel in N.
N: normal equivalent to the weight (Gr) of the wheel in N.
rr: radius of the wheel in m.

6. Simple machines (II) Winch
A winch consists of a horizontal cylinder whose ends rest on two pads. Two bars, in the form of handles, are attached to the ends of the cylinder, so that the cylinder can be turned, wrapping around it cord or cable from which is suspended a load.
A differential winch is a variant of the winch with two concentric cylinders of different diameter so that, when a weight is being lifted, the larger cylinder rolls on the cord while the smaller cylinder rolls it off.

7. Simple machines (III) Differential pulleys Inclined plane
A system of differential pulleys is a machine formed by three pulleys: two fixed and concentric, of different diameters and fixed on the same axis, and one mobile.
Inclined plane

8. Simple machines (IV) Screw
A thread or a screw is an inclined plane that runs up a cylindrical surface.
Comparison between a screw and an inclined plane

9. Elements of machines (I)
Fixings
Rivet
Riveting
Riveting with a through rivet

10. Elements of machines (II)
Forms of riveting
Overlap joint
Joint with cover plate
Joint with two cover plates
Bolted joints
Nut, washer and bolt

11. Elements of machines (III)
The thread
Pitch.
Handedness: right-handed, left-handed.
Form: rounded thread, trapezoidal thread, etc.
Characteristics of a thread
Pitch
Right-handed and left-handed threads
Different thread geometries

12. Elements of machines (IV)
Bolts, nuts and washers
Bolts and nuts are used to join two parts in such a way that they can be assembled and disassembled. They must be standardised (ISO).
A washer is a part, generally ring-shaped and made of mild steel, whose external diameter is greater than that of the nut by 2–3 mm.
Types of bolts
Graphical representation of a bolt, a nut and their coupling

13. Calculation of joints
Simple joints
Composite joints

14. Pins Pins are pieces, generally made of steel, that fit in hollows
or grooves of a given geometry made in the axis and in the hole.
Pins according to the type of force:
Transversal pin
Latch
Extruded axis
Longitudinal pins
Tapered pin

15. Tension spring or traction spring
Springs and elastic joints
Any elements made of elastic material are called springs.
Classification of springs:
Tension spring or traction spring
Torsion spring
Leaf spring
Compression spring
Spiral spring

16. Types of rolling elements
Bearings (I)
A bearing is an intermediate element mounted between two parts of a mechanism that turn with respect to one another to ensure that the friction between them is minimal but at the same time ensuring that they remain joined.
Parts of a bearing
Types of rolling elements

17. Bearings (II) Types of bearings Rigid ball bearing
Bearing with angular contact
Cylindrical roller bearing
Tapered roller bearing
Needle bearing

18. Lubricants Types of bearing:
A lubricant is a substance capable of reducing the friction that exists between
the elements in contact with one another in a machine when the move with respect to one another.
Reduces the friction between the moving parts.
Acts as a coolant.
Supports the aggression of possible contaminants that mix with the lubricant.
Characteristics of a lubricant
Hydrodynamic lubrication: consists of maintaining a film of lubricant between the parts so that these are effectively floating.
With oils: is used when the temperature and the speed of the elements are high.
With greases: is used in the maintenance of bearings.
Mineral oils.
Synthetic lubricants.
Lubrication