2. 9
Mechanical Power Systems

3. Basic Concepts
List the six simple machines and give an example of each.
List three types of gears.
Name the two primary characteristics of power.
Identify two mechanical transmission devices and describe how each operates.
Define mechanical advantage and give an example.
Recognize the difference between the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) and actual mechanical advantage (AMA).

4. Intermediate Concepts
Discuss force and rate in a mechanical system.
Describe the difference between scalar and vector quantities.

5. Advanced Concepts
Design a mechanical system for a specific application.
Predict the result of a mechanical system based on knowledge of balanced and unbalanced loads.
Calculate the mechanical advantage of a simple machine.
Compute the mechanical advantage of compound machines.
Solve for the percentage of frictional loss in a mechanical system.

6. Mechanical Systems Produce work using one or more machines
Machines can change size, direction, and speed of forces
Machines can change type of motion produced

7. Simple Machines Levers Pulleys Wheels and axles Inclined planes Screws
Wedges

8. Simple Machines

9. Levers Rotates around fulcrum
Position of fulcrum, load, and input force determines lever class
First-class levers
Second-class levers
Third-class levers

10. Pulleys Discs rotating around center axis
Operate on principle of levers
Several pulleys together make block and tackle

11. Wheels and Axles Also based on principle of levers
Large-diameter wheel and small-diameter axle are attached to each other
Can be used to change size or distance of force

12. Inclined Planes Makes use of sloping surfaces
Rolling objects up slopes is easier than lifting objects
Much less force to achieve same result

13. Screws Operates on principle of inclined planes
Long incline plane wrapped around shaft
Screws with more threads per inch have advantages
Apply greater force
Create for surface area to produce friction

14. Wedges Consist of two inclined planes placed back to back
Often used to split materials
Hatchets are wedges that use weight and fast movement to split wood

15. Gears Metal wheel with small notches cut into rim
Gear sets are made so gear teeth interlock and drive each other
Gears can control mechanical power in the same way as belts and pulleys
Gears change direction of power, speed, and torque

16. Quantities of Measurement
Scalar quantity represents physical quantity and is expressed by number or unit
Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction
Displacement
Velocity

17. Torque Force that produces twisting or turning effect or rotation
Two components
Amount of force applied to lever arm
Radius of lever arm itself
Measured using Prony brake

18. Horsepower (hp) Rate at which output work is performed
Several types of hp ratings:
Indicated horsepower (ihp)
Brake horsepower (bhp)
Frictional horsepower (fhp)

19. Net Forces of Balanced and Unbalanced Loads
Balanced forces are in state of equilibrium
Movement ceases in balance
Forces of effort and opposition must be totally balanced
Unbalanced loads can be calculated with addition and subtraction

20. Transmission of Mechanical Energy
Compound machines use two or more simple machines
Variations in simple machines may be used
Operations of industrial machines and transportation vehicles rely on principles of one or more simple machines

21. Clutches Connects power source to rest of machine
Device is needed so vehicles can remain at rest with engine running, start without stalling, and shift gears while moving
Operate on principle of friction
Types in vehicles are diaphragm clutch and centrifugal clutch

22. Pulleys and Belts Many belts move around pulleys in vehicles
Transmit power from engine to drive engine components, such as water pump and fan
Control mechanical energy through five different arrangements

23. Chains and Sprockets Found on bicycles, mopeds, and motorcycles
Usually used as drive system to bring power to driving wheel of vehicle
Provide positive power transfer, which means chain cannot slip like belt on pulley

24. Shafts and Bearings
Shafts are vital parts of automobile engines and drive systems
Bearings are made to be strong and allow shaft to turn inside them
Shafts are not easily bent, so universal joints are used when flexibility is needed

25. Mechanical Advantage Simple machines can gain mechanical advantage
Levers
Pulleys
Wheels and axles
Inclined planes
Wedges
Gears

26. Ideal Mechanical Advantage vs. Actual Mechanical Advantage
Ideal mechanical advantage (IMA)
Actual mechanical advantage (AMA)
Accounts for loss of energy through friction
Friction is heat energy that is common by-product of mechanical energy
AMA is always less than IMA because IMA assumes for 100% efficiency
AMA accounts for frictional losses

27. What are the six simple machines
What are the six simple machines? Levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, inclined planes, screws, and wedges

28. What two simple machines also operate on the principle of the lever
What two simple machines also operate on the principle of the lever? Pulleys and wheels and axles

29. What type of quantity is displacement? Vector quantities

30. Actual mechanical advantage (AMA)
The ratio of the increase of force or distance by a machine, including energy lost through friction.
Bearing
A specially shaped piece of metal used to support shafts and reduce friction between metal parts as they move past or revolve around each other.
Brake horsepower (bhp)
The amount of power available at the rear of the engine under normal conditions.
Clutche
A mechanical device that connects the power source to the rest of the machine.

31. Frictional horsepower (fhp)
Displacement
A vector quantity that includes both distance and direction.
First-class lever
A lever that has the fulcrum positioned between the input force and the load.
Frictional horsepower (fhp)
The amount of hp necessary to overcome the internal friction of an engine and other forms of frictional loss.
Fulcrum
The fixed point around which a lever rotates.

32. Ideal mechanical advantage (IMA)
A ratio of the forces or the distances involved in a mechanism. It assumes 100% efficiency.
Inclined plane
A simple machine that makes use of sloping surfaces.
Indicated horsepower (ihp)
The maximum potentional hp produced by an engine under ideal conditions.
Lever
A rigid bar that rotates around one fixed point.

33. Prony brake Pulley Scalar quantity
A device used to measure the effort produced by a twisting or turning force. It is based on the principle that if an opposite force equals the effort produced by a spinning object, movement will cease.
Pulley
A solid disc that rotates around a center axis. It usually has a groove around the outside edge that allows ropes or belts to easily ride around them.
Scalar quantity
A physical quantity specified by the magnitude of the quantity and expressed by a number or unit.

34. Screw Second-class lever Shaft Simple machine
A simple machine consisting of a very long inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.
Second-class lever
A lever that has the load placed between the fulcrum and the input force.
Shaft
A long, cylindrical piece of metal used to transfer mechanical energy in many types of machines.
Simple machine
A lever, a pulley, a wheel and axle, an inclined plan, a screw, or a wedge.

35. Third-class lever Universal joint Vector quantity Velocity
A lever that has the input force positioned between the fulcrum and the load.
Universal joint
A joint that allows connected shafts to spin freely, while permitting a change in direction.
Vector quantity
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
Velocity
A vector quantity that includes speed and direction.

36. Wedges
A simple machine based on the principle of the inclined plane.
Wheel and axle
A large-diameter wheel and its small-diameter axle are attached to each other to move as one unit.