1. Nineteenth Century in the West
Age of Nation-States
Nineteenth Century in the West

2. World View
Liberalism & Nationalism ultimately suffered defeat in 1848.
Conservative regimes ruled the Continent.
But nationalists and liberals did not go away.

3. Crimean War
rooted in Russia’s long standing desire to control lands in the Ottoman Empire.
Russia entered the provinces of Moldavia & Walachia in 1853.
The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia.

5. War Results
Britain & France formed an alliance with the Ottomans, March 1854.
Prussia & Austria remained neutral.
Treaty of Paris: March 1856
- Russia surrender lands in Danube
- Neutrality of the Black Sea

6. Italian Unification Nationalism in Italy began in 1820s
- Carbonari - Charcoal Burners
- G. Mazzini “ On Nationality”
- Romantic Republicanism
Giuseppe Garibaldi ( )
- used guerilla warfare
failed attempt

7. Republic of 1849
La Traviata (1852), in many ways, was Verdi’s longing for the failed Republic.
What did you think about the music?
The storyline (synopsis) ?

8. Camillo Cavour 1810-1861 Prime Minister of Piedmont
Rejected republicanism
Favored Constitutional Monarchy.

9. Real Politik
Cavour was a realist and businessman, who did not possess fuzzy romantic yearnings like Mazzini and Garabaldi
Economic concerns push for National Identity.
1855, Piedmont enters the Crimean War to gain support of Napoleon III.

10. Forging an Italian State
In , Count Cavour worked closely with Victor Emmanuel II and Napoleon III to defeat Austria.
In 1860, Piedmontese met Garibaldi’s campaign and Italy became one unified country.

12. Victor Emmanuel II
In March 1861, Victor Emmanuel became the King of Italy.
Cavour died 3 months later
Constitutional Monarchy.

13. Problems
A palpable difference in the economies of north (industrial/commercial) and south (rural) Italy.
Transformismo – Cavour’s policy of Real Politik was useful but corrupt.
Italia irredenta – many Italian states, such as Trieste remained under Austrian control.

15. German Unification
In 1858, Frederick William IV went insane and his brother William I assumed the throne.
1862, William I appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Prime Minister.
Between Bismarck led a series of campaigns to unite German.

16. Otto von Bismarck

17. The Fatherland
Bismark, like Cavour, approached unification through a conservative medium.
He was pragmatic and urged Prussian Liberals/Nationalists to trust ‘power and action’.
Liberal opposition forced him to create the image of the “the Fatherland”

18. Art of Diplomacy
Bismarck pursued a kleindeutsch or small German solution to unification
The Danish War
The Austro-Prussian War – 1866
North German Confederation
Bundesrat and Reichstag

19. Franco-Prussian War
Bismark’s last step in completing unification was ceding southern German States.
Spain gave Germany an excuse for war with France. Spain deposed Queen Isabella and chose Leopold Hohenzollern as the King.
Ems Dispatch

20. German Empire
Battle of Sedan, Germany defeated France captures Napoleon III.
After defeating the French in 1870, Bismarck declared the Second Reich
The unification of Germany will prove to be a chief cause in WWI.

22. Salut a la France Napoleon III had a lot of good ideas for France.
1850- Falloux Law, which returned control of all schools to Churches.
1856- Hired Baron Haussman to revamp the city of Paris
National Bank – Credit Mobilier and Credit Foncier

24. Empire Falls
France was on the decline shortly after Napoleon III seized France.
The Second Empire was broken into two factions:
: Authoritarian Empire
: Liberal Empire

25. The Downfall
By 1860, Napoleon III modified his policy to allow more liberal control
- Free Trade with Britain
- Legislature Debate
- relaxed press laws

26. External Pressures
supported a military expedition in Mexico that went awry.
Prussia reorganized German affairs under Bismarck.
1871 Battle of Sedan - Empire Folds!

27. Might makes Right!
The Franco-Prussian War brought down the Second Empire.
Treaty of Frankfurt 1871
Annexation of Alsace & Lorraine

28. Paris Commune
In March of 1871, several socialists formed a commune and stormed Paris.
Separated Paris from the rest of France
Not happy with the National Assembly.

32. Political Struggle The Paris Commune did not last long.
National Assembly took over and politically France was spilt.
- Monarchists
- Republicans
- Socialists
Adolphe Thiers became the acting president in 1871.

33. The Third Republic
The majority of the Assembly favored monarchy, but disagreed over dynasty.
Bourbon: Comte de Chambord
Orleans: Comte de Paris
: Assembly voted on a Republic with a president, a two-chamber parliament, and council of ministers, headed by a premier.

34. Republicanism
Adolphe Thiers and Leon Gambetta, although largely different political goals helped secure the Republic
: President Marshall MacMahon.

35. Stages of the 3rd Republic
1st Stage: Monarchist Republic
2nd Stage: Opportunist Republic
3rd Stage: Radical Republic

36. De Lesseps Scandal
Began to build the Panama Canal in 1881 but the terrain and climate differed greatly.
Company bribed government employees, but went bankrupt.

37. Boulanger Affair
1886 – General Georges gave speeches about recapturing Alsace and Lorraine.
Elected Chamber of Deputies 1889, but was threatened with treason.

38. The Dreyfus Affair Alfred Dreyfus 1859-1935
accused of selling military secrets to Germany
Anti-Semitism

39. Conspiracy
In 1896, Lt. Col. Picquart discovered that the handwriting was not Dreyfus’ but a major in the French Military F. Esterhazy.
Another trail and despite the evidence, Esterhazy found innocent, Dreyfus further accused.
Information continues to leak, splits country
Radicals vs. Conservatives

40. The Habsburg Empire
The most diversified Empire in Europe following the 1848 revolutions.
Nationalists Groups:
- Croats, Slovaks, Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Romanians, and Czechs

42. Post 1848
Francis Joseph reasserted absolutism after 1848 and implemented reforms.
- Reichsrat - parliament
- Ausgleich - Compromise of 1867, which established dual monarchy… Austro-Hungry Empire

43. Nationalism Language became a huge factor in defining a “Nation”
Many other national groups in the Habsburg opposed the Ausgleich
Czechs of Bohemia called for “Trialism”
“The theory of nationality…is a retrograde step in history…”
~ Lord Acton

44. Russian Empire In many ways, Russia was a backward-looking Empire.
Defeat in the Crimean War led to several reforms in the Empire.
Repression and Revolution

45. Tsar Alexander II R. 1855-1881 Tsar Liberator
Reforms from the top-down
Reactionary Autocracy…like Peter the Great

46. Reforms Abolition of Serfdom- 1861 - serfs had to work off debt
Local Government & Law
- zemstovs & judicial systems
Military Reform
- lowered service from 25 to 15 years
Russification of Poland: 1863

47. Revolutionaries
Tsarist Russia would not go without critics and opposition.
Alexander Herzen - Populism
- Social revolution based on the communal life of Russian peasants.
Radicals appear in Russia

48. Radicalism
In January 1878, Vera Zasulich attempted to assassinate the military governor of St. Petersburg, which sparked a wave of terrorism.
Zasulich was acquitted, but the verdict encouraged other terrorists.

49. Political Activism 1879 Land and Freedom splits
- education of peasants
- Peoples Will overthrowing the autocracy
March 1, 1881 – assassinated Tsar Alexander II.

52. Tsar Alexander III R. 1881-1894 Rolled back his father’s reforms
Secret police
Autocracy and Repressive politics

53. Democracy in Britian
The site of the Great Exposition of 1851 epitomized the Victorian Age.
Housed some 13,000 exhibits.
Celebration of Industry and Pretension.

56. Two-Party Democracy Tory Party – Conservatives
- led by Benjamin Disraeli
- Queen Victoria adored him
Whig Party – Liberal
- led by William Gladstone
- Queen Victoria disliked him

57. The Reform Bill of 1867
Extended the vote to male “heads of households.”
Large number of male working-class voters added to the electorate.
Voters increased about 1million

58. William Gladstone Prime Minister 1868-1874 and 1880-1886
The Great Reformer
Education Act 1870
Ballot Act of 1872
Irish Home Rule

59. Benjamin Disraeli Prime Minster 1874-1880 Conservative Social Reform
Public Health Act of 1875
Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875